Fig. 1 Generalized map of the current extent of Siberian Traps LIP rocks. Overlain on the map are sample names and locations, which are keyed by color to rock type. Base map and outcrop extent modified from (9). Stratigraphic sections for the Noril’sk and Maymecha-Kotuy sections showing lava stratigraphy and sample location. Stratigraphy modified from (11).
Fig. 2 Single-grain and weighted mean 206Pb/238U dates for Siberian Traps LIP sills, lavas, and pyroclastic rocks. The population of single-grain analyses from which the weighted mean date is calculated is shown for each dated sample. The height of each single-grain date is proportional to the 2σ analytical uncertainty on that point. The horizontal rectangle through each population represents the 2σ uncertainty on the weighted mean, which itself is represented by a thin horizontal line. Translucent single-grain analyses are not included in the weighted mean calculations. The horizontal gray rectangle and dashed red line running the length of the figure represent the mass extinction interval and calculated date of the paleontologically defined P-T boundary, respectively (4). Samples are color-keyed to match Fig. 1. Raw data can be found in table S2.
Fig. 3 Stratigraphy, geochronology, and magnetic polarity for Siberian Traps LIP rocks and the Permian-Triassic GSSP at Meishan, China. Placement of the Permian-Triassic boundary on the lava stratigraphy is based on magnetic polarity, geochemistry, and geochronology. Polarity for the Noril’sk and Maymecha-Kotuy sections from (30–32). Paleopolarity for the GSSP section from (33). The Permian-Triassic boundary shown is defined by the first appearance datum of the conodont Hindeodus parvus and is shown as the solid red line. Placement of the P-T boundary from (4).
Fig. 4 Timeline through the late Permian and early Triassic showing the record of Siberian Traps LIP magmatism, the end-Permian mass extinction interval, and the carbonate carbon isotopic record. Age model for the mass extinction from (4). Carbon isotope data from (4, 49). Carbon isotope record is scaled to time using dates from (4) and is segmented into Intervals (1 to 5) based on the placement of bracketing ash bed dates and record topology. Shading used for the intrusive rock timeline indicates that magma flux per unit time is uncertain between dated samples.
- Table 1 Weighted mean 206Pb/238U dates for Siberian Traps LIP rocks.
All dates are corrected for initial Th disequilibrium. Complete analytical details can be found in tables S1 and S2.
Sample no. Location/name Mineral Date (Ma) 2σ (x/y/z)* MSWD n Sill A10-23-1 Bratsk/Padunskii Zircon 251.681 0.063/0.091/0.28 1.2 8 A10-23-2 Bratsk/Padunskii Zircon 251.539 0.056/0.086/0.28 1.2 11 A10-23-3 Bratsk/Padunskii Zircon 251.46 0.051/0.083/0.28 1 12 194/35/860 Nepa/lower sill/Scholokhovskoie pipe Zircon 251.354 0.088/0.11/0.29 0.4 4 SHl-3085 Nepa/Scholokhovskoie pipe Zircon 251.501 0.071/0.097/0.29 0.34 10 LT10-1-1 Lower Tungusskaya Zircon 251.786 0.054/0.085/0.28 0.69 8 LT10-2-2 Lower Tunguska Zircon 251.795 0.070/0.096/0.29 1.3 14 NT12-5-4 Lower Tunguska Zircon 251.74 0.18/0.19/0.33 0.65 2 S68-700 Bratsk/Oktyabroskoe deposit Zircon 251.509 0.044/0.079/0.28 1.4 13 O-6832 Bratsk/Oktyabroskoe deposit Zircon 251.504 0.059/0.088/0.28 0.36 8 KZ1818-1691 Noril’sk/Kharaelakh Zircon 251.71 0.14/0.16/0.31 0.13 3 KZ1799-1195 Noril’sk/Talnakh Zircon 251.801 0.088/0.11/0.29 0.45 10 R06-05 Noril’sk/Chernogorsky Zircon 251.66 0.064/0.092/0.28 0.7 9 G22-105-2 Noril’sk/Noril’sk 1 Zircon 251.64 0.10/0.12/0.30 0.48 11 G22-63-5 Noril’sk/Noril’sk 1 Zircon 251.907 0.067/0.094/0.29 0.7 2 G22-65-0 Noril’sk/Noril’sk 1 Zircon 251.813 0.065/0.092/0.28 1 5 N12-3-2 Daldykansky Zircon 251.376 0.050/0.082/0.28 1.1 7 Lava K08-14-3 Maymecha-Kotuy Perov 252.20 0.12/0.16/0.31 1.1 15 K09-6-1 Maymecha-Kotuy Perov 252.27 0.11/0.15/0.31 1.1 12 Welded tuff M09-11-1 Maymecha-Kotuy Zircon 251.901 0.061/0.089/0.28 1.6 21 M09-12-1 Maymecha-Kotuy Zircon 251.483 0.088/0.11/0.29 1.1 7 Pyroclastic breccia A10-13-3 Angara river Zircon 256.56 0.46/0.51/0.58 n/a 1 SG2610.4 Noril’sk Zircon 255.58 0.38/0.43/0.51 n/a 1 End-Permian mass extinction (4) Onset of extinction Meishan, China Bed 25 Zircon 251.941 0.037/0.28 1.3 16 Cessation of extinction Meishan, China Bed 28 Zircon 251.88 0.031/0.28 0.76 13 *Uncertainties associated with weighted mean 206Pb/238U dates are reported as ±x/y/z, where x are the analytical (internal) uncertainties and y and z include the systematic uncertainties associated with tracer calibration (0.03%) and 238U decay constant (0.05%), respectively. If calculated dates are to be compared with other U-Pb laboratories not using the EARTHTIME tracer, then ±y should be used. If compared to other chronometers such as Ar-Ar or astrochronology, then ±z should be used.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1/7/e1500470/DC1
Fig. S1. Perovskite and clinopyroxene isochrons for sample K08-14-3.
Fig. S2. Perovskite and clinopyroxene isochrons for sample K09-6-1.
Fig. S3. Perovskite and clinopyroxene isochrons for sample K09-6-2.
Fig. S4. Nickel concentration in the Noril’sk lava stratigraphy.
Table S1. LA-ICPMS zircon data for Siberian Traps LIP pyroclastic rocks and lavas.
Table S2. Zircon and perovskite U/Pb isotopic data and calculated dates.
Additional Files
Supplementary Materials
This PDF file includes:
- Fig. S1. Perovskite and clinopyroxene isochrons for sample K08-14-3.
- Fig. S2. Perovskite and clinopyroxene isochrons for sample K09-6-1.
- Fig. S3. Perovskite and clinopyroxene isochrons for sample K09-6-2.
- Fig. S4. Nickel concentration in the Noril’sk lava stratigraphy.
- Table S1. LA-ICPMS zircon data for Siberian Traps LIP pyroclastic rocks and lavas.
- Legend for table S2
Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following:
- Table S2 (Microsoft Excel format). Zircon and perovskite U/Pb isotopic data and calculated dates.
Files in this Data Supplement:
