Fig. 1 edgeR’ multidimensional scaling plot (MDS) showing relationships among all pairs of samples (two treatments) and replicates (3 replicates per treatment). Treatments comprise larval honey bees consuming artificial diet and larval honey bees consuming artificial diet with p-coumaric acid. CK denotes control treatment; CA denotes 0.5 mM p-coumaric acid treatment. Control and treatment samples group separately when plotted.
Fig. 4 Effect of p-coumaric acid ingestion during larval growth on ovary development in A. mellifera. (A) Ovary development scale of 1 to 5 (undeveloped to fully developed) modified from Pernal and Currie (25). (B) Distribution of ovaries according to level of ovary development in newly eclosed adult bees reared in vitro on diets with and without 0.5 mM p-coumaric acid (two-tailed Fisher’s exact test, P < 0.0001; n = 130).
- Table 1 DAVID functional annotation clustering analysis on 2077 of the 3367 DEGs in honey bee larvae consuming p-coumaric acid.
Annotation cluster Term Count P Benjamini Cluster 1 (enrichment score: 11.08) Imaginal disc development 131 8.90 × 10−16 2.40 × 10−12 Post-embryonic organ development 100 7.10 × 10−14 9.40 × 10−11 Imaginal disc morphogenesis 96 1.80 × 10−13 1.60 × 10−10 Post-embryonic organ morphogenesis 96 1.80 × 10−13 1.60 × 10−10 Post-embryonic morphogenesis 109 2.70 × 10−12 1.80 × 10−9 Metamorphosis 111 2.80 × 10−12 1.50 × 10−9 Wing disc development 92 4.90 × 10−12 2.20 × 10−9 Instar larval or pupal morphogenesis 107 4.90 × 10−12 1.90 × 10−9 Post-embryonic development 126 5.30 × 10−12 1.80 × 10−9 Instar larval or pupal development 120 4.10 × 10−11 1.10 × 10−8 Imaginal disc–derived appendage morphogenesis 79 1.10 × 10−10 2.80 × 10−8 Wing disc morphogenesis 74 2.00 × 10−10 4.30 × 10−8 Post-embryonic appendage morphogenesis 76 2.20 × 10−10 4.50 × 10−8 Appendage morphogenesis 79 2.20 × 10−10 4.20 × 10−8 Imaginal disc–derived appendage development 79 2.80 × 10−10 4.90 × 10−8 Imaginal disc–derived wing development 73 3.30 × 10−10 5.50 × 10−8 Appendage development 79 5.40 × 10−10 8.40 × 10−8 Cluster 2 (enrichment score: 9.73) Transcription 131 7.10 × 10−12 2.10 × 10−9 Regulation of transcription 192 1.10 × 10−9 1.60 × 10−7 Regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent 139 9.40 × 10−6 5.80 × 10−4 Regulation of RNA metabolic process 147 6.60 × 10−5 3.10 × 10−3 Cluster 3 (enrichment score: 6.98) ncRNA metabolic process 49 1.30 × 10−8 1.80 × 10−6 ncRNA process 38 2.30 × 10−8 3.00 × 10−6 tRNA metabolic process 36 5.10 × 10−7 4.70 × 10−5 tRNA process 23 7.60 × 10−7 6.30 × 10−5 - Table 2 Genes differentially regulated by at least 1.4-fold by p-coumaric acid in honey bee larvae.
Group Gene ID Gene name Fold change Adjusted P Xenobiotic metabolism genes GB40288 CYP6AS1 1.88 1.21 × 10−6 GB49886 CYP6AS2 2.55 1.27 × 10−12 GB49887 CYP6AS3 4.83 7.67 × 10−20 GB49885 CYP6AS4 5.33 8.44 × 10−23 GB49890 CYP6AS5 47.11 1.98 × 10−40 GB49888 CYP6AS12 15.32 4.69 × 10−25 GB43713 CYP9Q1 1.85 1.10 × 10−7 GB43727 CYP9Q2 1.84 2.67 × 10−8 GB43728 CYP9Q3 2.25 5.52 × 10−8 GB43714 CYP9P1 2.57 1.70 × 10−5 GB43709 CYP9P2 1.46 5.33 × 10−4 GB43716 CYP9R1 1.79 6.20 × 10−6 GB43715 CYP9S1 3.12 1.04 × 10−13 GB51356 CYP4G11 1.68 4.09 × 10−7 GB45654 γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase 1–like 1.29 0.020213 Immunity genes GB46236 Apidaecins type 73–like 25.41 5.92 × 10−17 GB51306 Apid73 apidaecin 10.90 2.79 × 10−15 GB40163 LYZ1 1.75 1.31 × 10−5 GB42685 β-1,3-Glucan recognition protein 1 1.68 0.005207 GB47805 Peptidoglycan recognition protein S2 1.87 5.78 × 10−6 GB45648 Immune deficiency 1.74 4.76 × 10−7 Caste differentiation genes GB48059 Ecdysone receptor 2.31 2.69 × 10−13 GB47037 Hormone receptor–like in 4 2.00 9.95 × 10−5 GB49105 Ecdysteroid-regulated gene E74 2.28 3.59 × 10−15 GB42692 Ultraspiracle 2.11 3.60 × 10−9 GB40074 Probable nuclear hormone receptor HR38–like 2.00 0.00236 GB45414 Hormone receptor–like in 39 1.29 0.01531 GB54477 EGFR 1.64 1.28 × 10−6 GB46903 S6K 1.51 7.88 × 10−5 GB55485 Dnmt3 1.78 4.20 × 10−5 GB55425 InR2 2.07 7.65 × 10−9 GB53353 InR 2.06 0.000109 GB49911 IRS 2.05 4.84 × 10−11 GB43560 ILP2 −1.91 7.05 × 10−6 GB48301 Forkhead box protein O 2.38 2.69 × 10−17 GB44043 Juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase 2.73 1.42 × 10−13 GB55205 Major royal jelly protein 1 −6.61 7.32 × 10−8 GB55207 Major royal jelly protein 6 −3.80 0.003876 GB55206 Major royal jelly protein 4 −3.76 0.007108 GB55208 Major royal jelly protein 5 −2.95 0.020384 GB55204 Major royal jelly protein 3 −2.56 0.00404 GB55213 Major royal jelly protein 7 −1.89 0.005034 GB55212 Major royal jelly protein 2 −1.95 0.002019 GB55211 Major royal jelly protein 2–like (pseudo) −2.56 2.36 × 10−5
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1/7/e1500795/DC1
Table S1. Summary of read alignments using Bowtie 2.
Table S2. DEGs in the 0.5 mM p-coumaric acid treatment relative to control treatment.
Table S3. DEG significantly enriched clusters with enrichment scores higher than 5.
Table S4. Genes in the Hippo signaling pathway differentially expressed in larvae consuming diet containing p-coumaric acid.
Additional Files
Supplementary Materials
This PDF file includes:
- Table S1. Summary of read alignments using Bowtie 2.
- Legends for tables S2 and S3
- Table S4. Genes in the Hippo signaling pathway differentially expressed in larvae consuming diet containing p-coumaric acid.
Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following:
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