Research ArticleEPIDEMIOLOGY
Reduced evolutionary rate in reemerged Ebola virus transmission chains
- David J. Blackley1,*,
- Michael R. Wiley2,*,
- Jason T. Ladner2,*,
- Mosoka Fallah3,*,
- Terrence Lo1,
- Merle L. Gilbert2,
- Christopher Gregory1,
- Jonathan D’ambrozio2,
- Stewart Coulter1,
- Suzanne Mate2,
- Zephaniah Balogun1,
- Jeffrey Kugelman2,
- William Nwachukwu1,
- Karla Prieto2,
- Adolphus Yeiah3,
- Fred Amegashie3,
- Brian Kearney2,
- Meagan Wisniewski2,
- John Saindon1,
- Gary Schroth4,
- Lawrence Fakoli5,
- Joseph W. Diclaro II6,
- Jens H. Kuhn7,
- Lisa E. Hensley7,
- Peter B. Jahrling7,
- Ute Ströher1,
- Stuart T. Nichol1,
- Moses Massaquoi3,
- Francis Kateh3,
- Peter Clement8,
- Alex Gasasira8,
- Fatorma Bolay5,
- Stephan S. Monroe1,
- Andrew Rambaut9,10,11,
- Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart2,
- A. Scott Laney1,
- Tolbert Nyenswah3,†,
- Athalia Christie1,† and
- Gustavo Palacios2,†
- 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
- 2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
- 3Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
- 4Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
- 5Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.
- 6Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, U.S. Navy, Cairo, Egypt.
- 7Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
- 8World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
- 9Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
- 10Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- 11Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
- ↵†Corresponding author. Email: gustavo.f.palacios.ctr{at}mail.mil (G.P.); akc9{at}cdc.gov (A.C.); tgnyenswah74{at}yahoo.com (T.N.)
↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Science Advances 29 Apr 2016:
Vol. 2, no. 4, e1600378
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600378
Vol. 2, no. 4, e1600378
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600378
David J. Blackley
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Michael R. Wiley
2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Jason T. Ladner
2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Mosoka Fallah
3Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Terrence Lo
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Merle L. Gilbert
2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Christopher Gregory
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Jonathan D’ambrozio
2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Stewart Coulter
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Suzanne Mate
2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Zephaniah Balogun
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Jeffrey Kugelman
2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
William Nwachukwu
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Karla Prieto
2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Adolphus Yeiah
3Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Fred Amegashie
3Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Brian Kearney
2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Meagan Wisniewski
2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
John Saindon
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Gary Schroth
4Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
Lawrence Fakoli
5Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.
Joseph W. Diclaro II
6Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, U.S. Navy, Cairo, Egypt.
Jens H. Kuhn
7Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Lisa E. Hensley
7Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Peter B. Jahrling
7Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Ute Ströher
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Stuart T. Nichol
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Moses Massaquoi
3Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Francis Kateh
3Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Peter Clement
8World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Alex Gasasira
8World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Fatorma Bolay
5Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.
Stephan S. Monroe
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Andrew Rambaut
9Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
10Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
11Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
A. Scott Laney
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Tolbert Nyenswah
3Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Athalia Christie
1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Gustavo Palacios
2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
