Research ArticleEPIDEMIOLOGY
Reduced evolutionary rate in reemerged Ebola virus transmission chains
- David J. Blackley1,*,
- Michael R. Wiley2,*,
- Jason T. Ladner2,*,
- Mosoka Fallah3,*,
- Terrence Lo1,
- Merle L. Gilbert2,
- Christopher Gregory1,
- Jonathan D’ambrozio2,
- Stewart Coulter1,
- Suzanne Mate2,
- Zephaniah Balogun1,
- Jeffrey Kugelman2,
- William Nwachukwu1,
- Karla Prieto2,
- Adolphus Yeiah3,
- Fred Amegashie3,
- Brian Kearney2,
- Meagan Wisniewski2,
- John Saindon1,
- Gary Schroth4,
- Lawrence Fakoli5,
- Joseph W. Diclaro II6,
- Jens H. Kuhn7,
- Lisa E. Hensley7,
- Peter B. Jahrling7,
- Ute Ströher1,
- Stuart T. Nichol1,
- Moses Massaquoi3,
- Francis Kateh3,
- Peter Clement8,
- Alex Gasasira8,
- Fatorma Bolay5,
- Stephan S. Monroe1,
- Andrew Rambaut9,10,11,
- Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart2,
- A. Scott Laney1,
- Tolbert Nyenswah3,†,
- Athalia Christie1,† and
- Gustavo Palacios2,†
- 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
- 2U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
- 3Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
- 4Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
- 5Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.
- 6Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, U.S. Navy, Cairo, Egypt.
- 7Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
- 8World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
- 9Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
- 10Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- 11Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
- ↵†Corresponding author. Email: gustavo.f.palacios.ctr{at}mail.mil (G.P.); akc9{at}cdc.gov (A.C.); tgnyenswah74{at}yahoo.com (T.N.)
↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Science Advances 29 Apr 2016:
Vol. 2, no. 4, e1600378
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600378
Vol. 2, no. 4, e1600378
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600378
David J. Blackley
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Michael R. Wiley
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Jason T. Ladner
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Mosoka Fallah
Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Terrence Lo
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Merle L. Gilbert
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Christopher Gregory
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Jonathan D’ambrozio
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Stewart Coulter
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Suzanne Mate
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Zephaniah Balogun
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Jeffrey Kugelman
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
William Nwachukwu
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Karla Prieto
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Adolphus Yeiah
Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Fred Amegashie
Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Brian Kearney
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Meagan Wisniewski
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
John Saindon
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Gary Schroth
Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
Lawrence Fakoli
Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.
Joseph W. Diclaro
Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, U.S. Navy, Cairo, Egypt.
Jens H. Kuhn
Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Lisa E. Hensley
Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Peter B. Jahrling
Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Ute Ströher
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Stuart T. Nichol
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Moses Massaquoi
Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Francis Kateh
Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Peter Clement
World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Alex Gasasira
World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Fatorma Bolay
Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.
Stephan S. Monroe
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Andrew Rambaut
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
A. Scott Laney
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Tolbert Nyenswah
Ministry of Health, Monrovia, Liberia.
Athalia Christie
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Gustavo Palacios
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
