Fig. 1 World map showing the location of the Malaspina sampling stations and depth-integrated viral abundance. (A) Map of the Malaspina 2010 cruise showing the 120 sampling stations. Colors indicate the three different oceanic regions (Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific). Average values of depth-integrated viral abundance and their SEs are shown for the three main oceanic regions in the (B) epipelagic (0 to 200 m), (C) mesopelagic (200 to 1000 m), and (D) bathypelagic (1000 to 4000 m) layers. In (E), all depth average data are summarized. ATL, Atlantic; IN, Indian; PAC, Pacific.
Fig. 2 Viral abundance and depth. (A) Power-law fit between log-transformed viral abundance and depth in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans and in all the data. Lines denote the best power-law model regression. (B) Cumulative percentage curves of integrated viral abundance according to depth for the three oceanic regions and for all the data. Dashed lines in (B) show the depth where half of the integrated viral stock between 0 and 4000 m is contained in each oceanic region and for all the data.
Fig. 3 VPR and relationships between viral and prokaryotic abundances. Averages values of the VPR and their SEs in the three oceanic regions (Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific) sampled during the cruise in the (A) epipelagic (0 to 200 m), (B) mesopelagic (200 to 1000 m), and (C) bathypelagic (1000 to 4000 m) layers and in (D) all the data. Relationships between viral and prokaryotic abundances in the (E) epipelagic, (F) mesopelagic, and (G) bathypelagic layers from the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans and in (H) all the data. Dashed lines show the 95% prediction intervals from linear regressions of all data in the epipelagic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic layers.
Fig. 4 VPL and VPLG and prokaryotic mortality due to viruses. (A) VPL against VPLG and (B) VMM against PMM detected at the surface (SURF; 3-m depth), DCM, and bathypelagic (BATHY; 4000-m depth) layers from 11 selected stations: 4 in the Atlantic Ocean, 3 in the Indian Ocean, and 4 in the Pacific Ocean. Three replicates were performed in each experiment. Dashed line is the 1:1 line. Lytic/lysogenic ratios at the surface, DCM, and bathypelagic layers were 4.63 ± 2.76, 10.00 ± 7.23, and 53.89 ± 39.17, respectively. Viral/grazing-mediated mortality ratios were 2.35 ± 1.47 at the surface layer, 7.15 ± 6.52 at the DCM layer, and 173.11 ± 128.91 at the bathypelagic layer.
- Table 1 Mean, SE, median, minimum, and maximum values of viral abundance in the different layers and oceans.
n Mean
(106 viruses ml−1)SE
(105 viruses ml−1)Median
(106 viruses ml−1)Minimum
(105 viruses ml−1)Maximum
(107 viruses ml−1)Epipelagic Atlantic 241 6.60 3.19 4.83 4.34 2.59 Indian 168 8.31 4.00 7.70 2.93 3.31 Pacific 193 8.72 4.71 6.89 0.85 4.39 All epipelagic data 602 7.76 2.30 6.52 0.85 4.39 Mesopelagic Atlantic 88 0.10 0.64 0.88 0.85 0.32 Indian 60 1.89 4.22 1.35 1.22 2.51 Pacific 80 1.67 2.15 1.09 0.13 1.33 All mesopelagic data 228 1.47 1.38 1.55 0.13 2.51 Bathypelagic Atlantic 90 0.51 0.57 0.47 0.36 0.47 Indian 63 0.52 0.56 0.47 0.38 0.25 Pacific 58 0.89 2.29 0.35 0.05 1.11 All bathypelagic data 211 0.62 0.70 0.45 0.05 1.11 - Table 2 Log-log slopes and fits between viral and prokaryotic abundance in the epipelagic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic layers in the three different oceans and in all the subtropical ocean and power-law log-log slopes and fits of the relationship between depth and viral abundance in the three different oceans and in all the tropical and subtropical oceans.
Viral abundance–prokaryotic abundance n Estimated intercept Intercept SE Slope Slope SE r2 P Epipelagic Atlantic 240 1.7 0.54 0.87 0.09 0.26 <0.0001 Indian 168 4.72 0.45 0.36 0.08 0.12 <0.0001 Pacific 193 6.36 0.42 0.08 0.07 0.007 0.25 All epipelagic data 593 4.93 0.27 0.32 0.05 0.07 <0.0001 Mesopelagic Atlantic 87 2.19 0.56 0.75 0.11 0.35 <0.0001 Indian 60 3.76 1.27 0.45 0.24 0.05 0.07 Pacific 80 3.89 0.67 0.41 0.13 0.12 <0.0001 All mesopelagic data 227 3.31 0.38 0.52 0.07 0.18 <0.0001 Bathypelagic Atlantic 89 2.45 0.85 0.7 0.19 0.13 <0.0001 Indian 63 3.31 1.03 0.48 0.22 0.07 0.03 Pacific 58 2.98 0.92 0.53 0.19 0.12 0.007 All bathypelagic data 210 3.68 0.44 0.41 0.09 0.08 <0.0001 All data 1030 1.44 0.12 0.91 0.02 0.62 <0.0001 Viral abundance–depth (power-law function) Atlantic 419 9.26 0.32 −1.12 0.05 0.54 <0.0001 Indian 291 8.77 0.37 −1.02 0.06 0.52 <0.0001 Pacific 331 8.3 0.33 −0.96 0.05 0.51 <0.0001 All data 1040 8.75 0.2 −1.03 0.03 0.52 <0.0001 - Table 3 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey results testing for significant differences in viral abundance and VPR among layers [epipelagic (EPI), mesopelagic (MESO), and bathypelagic (BATHY)] and oceans [Atlantic (ATL), Indian (IN), and Pacific (PAC)].
Lower panel: ANOVA and post hoc Tukey results testing for significant differences in viral abundances among water masses in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic layers. Only significant values are shown (P < 0.05).
ANOVA Tukey’s test Viral abundance Layers n F P Layers P 1040 1040.16 <0.0001 EPI-BATHY <0.0001 EPI-MESO <0.0001 MESO-BATHY <0.0001 Oceans Layers n F P Oceans P Epipelagic 601 10.59 <0.0001 PAC-ATL 0.0002 IN-ATL 0.0004 Mesopelagic 227 5.12 0.007 ATL-IN 0.01 ATL-PAC 0.05 Bathypelagic 210 0.005 0.1 VPR Layers n F P Layers P 1030 2.93 0.05 EPI-MESO 0.05 Oceans Layers n F P Oceans P Epipelagic 601 17.71 <0.0001 PAC-ATL <0.0001 PAC-IN 0.004 Mesopelagic 227 1.14 0.321 Bathypelagic 210 3.1 0.05 ATL-IN 0.04 Water masses n F P Water masses P Mesopelagic 228 3.08 0.001 AAIW-13EqPac 0.04 AAIW-ICW_13 0.02 ENACW-ICW_13 0.03 Bathypelagic 211 1.53 0.16
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/3/9/e1602565/DC1
table S1. Mean, SE, median, minimum, and maximum values of viral abundance in each of the water masses identified in the mesopelagic layer (200 to 1000 m).
table S2. Mean, SE, median, minimum, and maximum values of viral abundance according to the water masses in the bathypelagic layer (1000 to 4000 m).
table S3. Results of the multivariate multiple regression analyses to explain variability of viral abundance in the epipelagic layer (0 to 200 m).
table S4. Results of the multivariate multiple regression analyses to explain variability of viral abundance in the mesopelagic layer (200 to 1000 m).
table S5. Results of the multivariate multiple regression analyses to explain variability of viral abundance in the bathypelagic layer (1000 to 4000 m).
table S6. Values of VPL and VPLG.
table S7. Mean and SE of the estimated C, N, and P released by viruses and that incorporated by grazers in the three layers (surface, DCM, and bathypelagic).
fig. S1. Viral abundance with depth along the entire cruise visualized with Ocean Data View.
fig. S2. VPL and VPLG and prokaryotic mortality due to viruses.
data file S1. List of all the environmental and biological variables used in this study.
Additional Files
Supplementary Materials
This PDF file includes:
- table S1. Mean, SE, median, minimum, and maximum values of viral abundance in each
of the water masses identified in the mesopelagic layer (200 to 1000 m).
- table S2. Mean, SE, median, minimum, and maximum values of viral abundance according
to the water masses in the bathypelagic layer (1000 to 4000 m).
- table S3. Results of the multivariate multiple regression analyses to explain variability
of viral abundance in the epipelagic layer (0 to 200 m).
- table S4. Results of the multivariate multiple regression analyses to explain variability
of viral abundance in the mesopelagic layer (200 to 1000 m).
- table S5. Results of the multivariate multiple regression analyses to explain variability
of viral abundance in the bathypelagic layer (1000 to 4000 m).
- table S6. Values of VPL and VPLG.
- table S7. Mean and SE of the estimated C, N, and P released by viruses and that incorporated
by grazers in the three layers (surface, DCM, and bathypelagic).
- fig. S1. Viral abundance with depth along the entire cruise visualized with Ocean
Data View.
- fig. S2. VPL and VPLG and prokaryotic mortality due to viruses.
Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following:
- data file S1 (Microsoft Excel format). List of all the environmental and biological variables used in this study.
Files in this Data Supplement:
- table S1. Mean, SE, median, minimum, and maximum values of viral abundance in each
of the water masses identified in the mesopelagic layer (200 to 1000 m).
