Fig. 2 Quantitative record of selected form species of gymnosperm pollen in the Schandelah-1 core and stratigraphic position of insect (wing) scales. Lepidopteran and unidentified scales are present at the top of the Arnstadt Formation (Rhaetian) between 337.50 and 336.80 mbs and in the basal layers of the Lias Alpha-1 Formation (Hettangian) between 317.90 and 316.40 mbs (see Materials and Methods).
Fig. 3 SEM images of scales from the basal Hettangian. (A) Lepidopteran type I scale with solid structure and herringbone pattern. (B to E) Lepidopteran type II scales with hollow structure, cross-ridges, perforations, and in some cases (C to E) serrations of the apical margin. (F) Fringed scale of indeterminate origin. (G) Histological section of type I scale. (H and I) Histological sections of type II scales.
Fig. 4 Detailed SEM images of selected scales shown in Fig. 3. Labeling same as in Fig. 3. (A) Detail of a type I scale showing herringbone pattern. (B) Detail of a type II scale showing oblique crests at the apical margin. (C to E) Type II scales showing hollow structure, perforations, cross-ridges, and microribs (arrows in Fig. 3, C and D). (F) Detail of a fringed scale of indeterminate origin showing distinct apical margin.
- Table 1 Comparative overview of principal morphological and structural scale characteristics.
(A) Scales of scale-bearing hexapod lineages examined in this study (for details, see the Supplementary Materials). (B) Distinctive Rhaetian-Hettangian lepidopteran scale types. “-”, absence of a trait; “?”, uncertainty regarding presence/absence or interpretation of a trait.
Group Apical margin Cross ridges Microribs Structure Perforations Herringbone pattern A Collembola Rounded - - Solid - - Archaeognatha Rounded Far apart, rectangular cells - Hollow Yes - Zygentoma Rounded Indistinct, irregular - Solid - - Psocoptera Rounded - - Solid - - Coleoptera Rounded - - Hollow - - Trichoptera Rounded - - Hollow Some - Culicidae Rounded Moderately dense - Solid - - Berothidae Rounded ? ? ? ? ? Kalligrammatidae Rounded ? ? ? ? ? Micropterigidae Rounded Dense Yes? Solid - Dense Eriocranidae Rounded Dense Yes Solid - - Coelolepida Serrated/rounded Dense Yes Hollow Yes - B Herringbone Rounded ? - Solid - Dense–moderately dense Hollow Serrated/rounded Dense Present Hollow Small, between cross ridges -
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/4/1/e1701568/DC1
Supplementary Text: Comparative scale morphology
fig. S1. SEM images of scales of Collembola and Archaeognatha.
fig. S2. SEM images of scales of Zygentoma and Psocoptera.
fig. S3. SEM images of scales of non-coelolepidan Lepidoptera.
fig. S4. SEM images of scales of coelolepidan Lepidoptera.
fig. S5. SEM images of scales of Culicidae.
References (49–58)
Additional Files
Supplementary Materials
This PDF file includes:
- Supplementary Text: Comparative scale morphology
- fig. S1. SEM images of scales of Collembola and Archaeognatha.
- fig. S2. SEM images of scales of Zygentoma and Psocoptera.
- fig. S3. SEM images of scales of non-coelolepidan Lepidoptera.
- fig. S4. SEM images of scales of coelolepidan Lepidoptera.
- fig. S5. SEM images of scales of Culicidae.
- References (49–58)
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplementary Text: Comparative scale morphology
