Fig. 2 bgPCA of endocranial shape. H. erectus, triangles and orange convex hull; Neandertals, squares and red convex hull; H. heidelbergensis/rhodesiensis, dark red diamonds; present-day humans, light blue convex hull; H. sapiens fossils, circles and dark blue convex hulls for geologic age groups 1 to 3. Evolutionary trends of shape changes in archaic and modern individuals are shown as regressions on geologic age (arrows) (see fig. S2 for labels of fossil individuals).
Fig. 3 Gradual evolutionary changes of endocranial shape within H. sapiens fossils shown as a series of predicted shapes according to the regression on geologic age at 300,000 years ago (top), 100,000 years ago (middle), and 10,000 years ago (bottom and blue area in top and middle). Color coding in green (bottom) illustrates regions with surface size increase associated with this gradual shape changes. Lateral (left) and occipital (right) views (see also fig. S4 and movies S1 to S3).
Fig. 4 bgPCA of endocranial form. Symbols and colors as seen in Fig. 2. In addition to the evolutionary trend of shape changes in archaic and modern individuals (like in Fig. 2), allometric relationships are shown as regressions on centroid size (dotted lines) (see fig. S5 for labels of fossil individuals).
- Table 1 Sample of H. sapiens fossils and comparative samples.
Geologic ages used for regression analyses [in thousand years (ky)] were based on estimates in published literatures (references available upon request). Endocranial volume estimates of this study with SD of multiple estimates.
H. sapiens fossils Geologic age group 1 Jebel Irhoud 1 315 ky 1.375 ± 6 ml Jebel Irhoud 2 315 ky 1.467 ± 6 ml Omo 2 195 ky 1.491 ± 4 ml Geologic age group 2 L.H. 18 120 ky 1.237 ± 5 ml Skhul V 115 ky 1.363 ± 1 ml Qafzeh 6 115 ky 1.524 ± 8 ml Qafzeh 9 115 ky 1.497 ± 5 ml Geologic age group 3 Hofmeyr 36 ky 1.498 ± 13 ml Mladeč 1 35 ky 1.606 ml Cro-Magnon 1 31 ky 1.574 ± 1 ml Cro-Magnon 3 31 ky 1.813 ± 32 ml Dolní Věstonice 16 30 ky 1.542 ± 4 ml Dolní Věstonice 13 29 ky 1.590 ± 2 ml Dolní Věstonice 14 29 ky 1.663 ± 5 ml Dolní Věstonice 15 29 ky 1.385 ± 3 ml Abri Pataud 27 ky 1.323 ml Ohalo II H2 22 ky 1.475 ± 1 ml Oberkassel D999 14 ky 1.330 ± 2 ml Oberkassel D998 13 ky 1.492 ml Combe Capelle 8 ky 1.457 ± 2 ml Present-day humans 89 cranially diverse
present-day humansMean ± SD: 1328 ± 164 ml
Range: 1082–1832 mlNeandertals Gibraltar 1 75 ky 1213 ± 4 ml La Ferrassie 1 70 ky 1643 ± 5 ml Guattari 55 ky 1421 ± 3 ml Amud 1 53 ky 1747 ± 16 ml La Chapelle-aux-Saints 52 ky 1490 ± 3 ml Feldhofer 1 40 ky 1261 ± 28 ml Spy I 40 ky 1287 ± 9 ml Spy II 40 ky 1531 ± 7 ml H. heidelbergensis sensu lato Kabwe 600–250 ky? 1249 ml Petralona 400–150 ky? 1162 ± 2 ml H. erectus sensu lato KNM-ER 3733 1780 ky 878 ± 2 ml KNM-ER 3833 1570 ky 838 ± 1 ml KNM-WT 15000 1535 ky 850 ± 4 ml OH 9 1470 ky 1013 ± 4 ml Sangiran 2 1500 ky 793 ± 4 ml Sambungmacan 3 200 ky 902 ± 4 ml Ngandong 14 200 ky 1127 ± 2 ml Ngawi 200 ky 952 ± 1 ml
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/4/1/eaao5961/DC1
fig. S1. Landmark set used in this study.
fig. S2. bgPCA of endocranial shape.
fig. S3. Average endocranial shapes of H. erectus, Neandertals, and present-day humans that the bgPCA is based on.
fig. S4. Visualization of surface area expansion associated with shape changes.
fig. S5. bgPCA of endocranial form.
fig. S6. Allometric relationships within archaic Homo representatives shown as a series of predicted shapes according to the regression on size.
movie S1. Brain shape evolution in H. sapiens (lateral view).
movie S2. Brain shape evolution in H. sapiens (occipital view).
movie S3. Brain shape evolution in H. sapiens (inferior view).
movie S4. Brain shape allometry in archaic Homo representatives (lateral view).
movie S5. Brain shape allometry in archaic Homo representatives (occipital view).
movie S6. Brain shape allometry in archaic Homo representatives (inferior view).
Additional Files
Supplementary Materials
This PDF file includes:
- fig. S1. Landmark set used in this study.
- fig. S2. bgPCA of endocranial shape.
- fig. S3. Average endocranial shapes of H. erectus, Neandertals, and present-day humans that the bgPCA is based on.
- fig. S4. Visualization of surface area expansion associated with shape changes.
- fig. S5. bgPCA of endocranial form.
- fig. S6. Allometric relationships within archaic Homo representatives shown as a series of predicted shapes according to the regression
on size.
- Legends for movies S1 to S6
Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following:
- movie S1 (.mp4 format). Brain shape evolution in H. sapiens (lateral view).
- movie S2 (.mp4 format). Brain shape evolution in H. sapiens (occipital view).
- movie S3 (.mp4 format). Brain shape evolution in H. sapiens (inferior view).
- movie S4 (.mp4 format). Brain shape allometry in archaic Homo representatives (lateral view).
- movie S5 (.mp4 format). Brain shape allometry in archaic Homo representatives (occipital view).
- movie S6 (.mp4 format). Brain shape allometry in archaic Homo representatives (inferior view).
Files in this Data Supplement:
- fig. S1. Landmark set used in this study.
