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Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa
- View ORCID ProfileSamantha Strindberg1,*,
- View ORCID ProfileFiona Maisels1,2,*,
- View ORCID ProfileElizabeth A. Williamson2,†,
- Stephen Blake1,3,‡,
- Emma J. Stokes1,
- Rostand Aba’a1,§,
- Gaspard Abitsi1,
- Anthony Agbor4,5,
- Ruffin D. Ambahe1,
- Parfait C. Bakabana1,
- Martha Bechem1,6,
- Antoine Berlemont5,
- Bruno Bokoto de Semboli7,¶,
- Patrick R. Boundja1,
- View ORCID ProfileNicolas Bout1,
- View ORCID ProfileThomas Breuer1,
- Genevieve Campbell4,||,
- Pauwel De Wachter7,
- Marc Ella Akou7,**,
- Fidel Esono Mba8,
- Anna T. C. Feistner7,††,
- Bernard Fosso1,
- Roger Fotso1,
- David Greer7,
- Clement Inkamba-Nkulu1,
- Calixte F. Iyenguet1,
- Kathryn J. Jeffery2,
- Max Kokangoye1,**,
- View ORCID ProfileHjalmar S. Kühl4,9,
- View ORCID ProfileStephanie Latour1,10,
- Bola Madzoke1,
- Calixte Makoumbou1,‡‡,
- Guy-Aimé F. Malanda1,‡‡,
- Richard Malonga1,
- Victor Mbolo7,
- David B. Morgan1,11,
- Prosper Motsaba1,
- Gabin Moukala1,
- Brice S. Mowawa1,‡‡,
- View ORCID ProfileMizuki Murai4,5,§§,
- Christian Ndzai1,
- Tomoaki Nishihara1,
- Zacharie Nzooh7,
- Lilian Pintea10,
- View ORCID ProfileAmy Pokempner1,¶¶,
- Hugo J. Rainey1,
- Tim Rayden1,
- View ORCID ProfileHeidi Ruffler5,||||,
- Crickette M. Sanz1,12,
- View ORCID ProfileAngelique Todd7,***,
- Hilde Vanleeuwe1,
- Ashley Vosper1,
- Ymke Warren1,** and
- David S. Wilkie1
- 1Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA.
- 2Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
- 3Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Macelwane Hall, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
- 4Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- 5Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.
- 6Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)–Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE), MIKE Subregional Office, Yaoundé, BP 5506, Cameroon.
- 7World Wildlife Fund International, Regional Office for Africa, BP 6776 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- 8Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Forestal y Gestión del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Bata, Equatorial Guinea.
- 9Robert Bosch Junior Professor, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany.
- 10The Jane Goodall Institute, 1595 Spring Hill Road, Suite 550, Vienna, VA 22182, USA.
- 11Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
- 12Department of Anthropology, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
- ↵†Corresponding author. Email: e.a.williamson{at}stir.ac.uk
↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.
↵‡ Present address: Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Schlossallee 2, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany.
↵§ Present address: Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Batterie IV, BP 20379 Libreville, Gabon.
↵¶ Present address: Ministère des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Pêche, BP 830 Bangui, Central African Republic.
↵|| Present address: The Biodiversity Consultancy Ltd., 3E King’s Parade, Cambridge CB2 1SJ, UK.
↵** Deceased.
↵†† Present address: Centre for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, BP 48 Gamba, Gabon.
↵‡‡ Present address: Ministère de l’Economie Forestière de Développement Durable et de l’Environnement, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
↵§§ Present address: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK.
↵¶¶ Present address: National Geographic Society, Impact Initiatives, 1145 17th Street Northwest, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
↵|||| Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, International Affairs, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041–3803, USA.
↵*** Present address: Flora and Fauna International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK.
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Vol. 4, no. 4, eaar2964
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar2964