Fig. 3 Sensitivity analysis: Field differences. (A) Predicted probabilities of non-disclosing types: Base and hybrids. (B) Predicted probabilities of non-disclosing types: Base and hybrids with computer science adjustment. (C) Predicted probabilities of non-disclosing types: NCC most and least conducive to disclosing.
- Table 1 Ordered logit results.
OpenExch, open exchange is practiced in my field (1 to 5, 5 = strongly agree); Feedback, disclosing leads to valuable feedback (1 to 5, 5 = strongly agree); Acknowl, researchers use the results of others without acknowledgement (1 to 5, 5 = strongly disagree); ResCommer, choose research topics with commercial potential (1 to 5, 5 = strongly agree); LStartup, log of number of startups with respondent as founder or member, scientific advisory group; LPatentAp, log of number of patent applications; DIndustry, indicator equal to 1 if respondent has industry-funded research in the past 3 years; CompOverall, perception of overall competition (1 to 5, 5 = very competitive); CompPub, perception of competition to publish or present new results (1 to 5, 5 = very competitive); CompGovFnd, perception of competition for government research funding (1 to 5, 5 = very competitive); CompStudents, perception of competition for students or post docs (1 to 5, 5 = very competitive); ResFunded, choose research depending on how likely to get funded (1 to 5, 5 = strongly agree); HighEsteem, first to come up with a result is highly esteemed by peers (1 to 5, 5 = strongly agree); GrpWW, number of competing groups worldwide (capped at 51); GrpWWTrust, number of competing groups worldwide with trusted colleagues; GrpWWCollab, number of competing groups worldwide with collaborators; DetectEasy, easy to detect failure to acknowledge (1 to 5, 5 = strongly agree); ResLeader, my research group is considered to be among the leaders in the field (1 to 5, 5 = strongly agree); Lpubs, log of number of publications in the past 5 years; Lcites, log of number of citations in the past 5 years; NSF_DFG, indicator = 1 if NSF or DFG funding; DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the German Research Foundation; NIH_EC, indicator = 1 if NIH or EC funding; EC, European Commission; OtherGovFnd, indicator = 1 if other government funding; OtherFnd, indicator = 1 if funding other than government or industry; ResBasic, my research is basic (1 to 5, 5 = strongly agree); ResInterd, my research area is interdisciplinary (1 to 5, 5 = strongly agree); ResRealW, my research is driven by real-world problems, with or without commercial potential (1 to 5, 5 = strongly agree); ResReput, my reputation among academics is important to me (1 to 5, 5 = strongly agree); Assistant, indicator = 1 if assistant professor; Associate, indicator =1 if associate professor; Male, indicator = 1 if male; Age, respondent age; AgeSq, square of age; NumGroup, number of full-time researchers in research group; NumReport, number of researchers who report directly to respondent; Migrant, indicator = 1 if not working in country of birth; BirthDevelop, indicator = 1 if birth country developed.
Part a Part b Odds ratio t statistic P Odds ratio t statistic P Norms OpenExch 1.108 2.79 0.005 1.103 2.76 0.006 Feedback 1.248 5.14 0.000 1.250 5.35 0.000 Acknowl 1.095 3.22 0.001 1.098 3.43 0.001 Commercial ResCommer 0.779 −8.13 0.000 0.779 −8.4 0.000 LStartup 0.890 −1.37 0.170 0.869 −1.70 0.089 LPatentAp 0.762 −5.48 0.000 0.770 −5.46 0.000 DIndustry 0.760 −3.39 0.001 0.779 −3.20 0.001 Competition CompOverall* 1.007 0.14 0.887 CompPub 0.845 −3.80 0.000 0.851 −4.88 0.000 CompGovFnd 1.070 1.57 0.116 1.084 2.06 0.039 CompStudents* 1.020 0.58 0.559 ResFunded 0.895 −3.57 0.000 0.889 −3.96 0.000 HighEsteem 0.872 −3.29 0.001 0.876 −3.31 0.001 GrpWW 0.992 −3.79 0.000 0.993 −3.66 0.000 Other GrpWWTrust 1.044 7.18 0.000 1.046 7.51 0.000 GrpWWCollab 0.973 −2.42 0.015 0.970 −2.77 0.006 DetectEasy* 1.000 0.01 0.995 ResLeader 1.115 3.07 0.002 1.096 2.83 0.005 Lpubs* 1.014 0.20 0.845 Lcites* 0.987 −0.33 0.739 NSF_DFG 1.197 2.58 0.01 1.198 2.71 0.007 NIH_EC* 0.965 −0.47 0.638 OtherGovFnd 0.862 −2.21 0.027 0.888 −1.84 0.066 OtherFnd* 0.995 −0.08 0.936 ResBasic 1.042 1.54 0.123 1.047 1.82 0.068 ResInterd* 1.008 0.22 0.826 ResRealW 1.056 1.83 0.067 1.061 2.1 0.036 ResReput* 0.998 −0.04 0.965 Assistant 0.685 −2.96 0.003 0.678 −3.27 0.001 Associate 0.869 −1.57 0.117 0.842 −2.03 0.043 Male 1.079 1.06 0.291 1.051 0.71 0.475 Age 0.964 −1.40 0.162 0.958 −1.66 0.096 AgeSq 1.000 1.47 0.142 1.000 1.74 0.081 NumGroup* 1.002 0.65 0.515 NumReport* 1.002 0.52 0.606 Migrant 0.860 −1.86 0.063 0.859 −2.27 0.023 BirthDevelop* 1.058 0.48 0.628 SumResAreas 1.035 1.34 0.181 1.032 1.42 0.155 USSample 1.710 4.91 0.000 1.693 5.05 0.000 Field fixed effects Yes Yes Number obs 4247 4445 Pseudo R-sq 0.084 0.082 *Variable is dropped from original regression due to t statistic less than 1 in absolute value.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/4/5/eaar2133/DC1
Supplementary Text
section S1. Disclosing type and publication fields
section S2. Construction and summary statistics for variables of ordered logit
table S1. Disclosing: Percentage of respondents.
table S2. Summary statistics.
table S3. The practice of science.
table S4. Perceptions of competition.
table S5. Characteristics of research.
table S6. Competing groups worldwide.
fig. S1. Disclosing by field of publication.
fig. S2. Average standardized NCC values.
fig. S3. Tests of differences in fig. S2 averages.
fig. S4. Other types of disclosing.
Additional Files
Supplementary Materials
This PDF file includes:
- Supplementary Text
- section S1. Disclosing type and publication fields
- section S2. Construction and summary statistics for variables of ordered logit
- table S1. Disclosing: Percentage of respondents.
- table S2. Summary statistics.
- table S3. The practice of science.
- table S4. Perceptions of competition.
- table S5. Characteristics of research.
- table S6. Competing groups worldwide.
- fig. S1. Disclosing by field of publication.
- fig. S2. Average standardized NCC values.
- fig. S3. Tests of differences in fig. S2 averages.
- fig. S4. Other types of disclosing.
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplementary Text
