Fig. 1 TJB timeline and correlation of the Stenlille-1 record with Kuhjoch, Austria, and New York Canyon, Nevada. (A) U/Pb ages for CAMP intrusives (white circles), CAMP basalts (brown circles), and ash beds from Nevada and Peru (yellow circles), and ammonoid events (1, 7, 8, 32, 34). Note that U/Pb ages 4, 7, 11, and 14 are all from the North Mountain Basalt. 1, Kakoulima intrusion (7); 2, Tarabuco sill (7); 3, Messejana dike (7); 4, North Mountain Basalt (8); 5, Amelal sill (8); 6, Amazonas sill (low Ti) (7); 7, North Mountain Basalt (7, 8); 8, Palisades sill (8), feeder of the Orange Mountain Basalt; 9, York Haven intrusive (8); 10, Rapidan intrusive (8); 11, North Mountain Basalt (7); 12, Fouta Djalon sill (7); 13, Hodh sill (7); 14, North Mountain Basalt (1, 2); 15, Amazonas sill (high Ti) (7); 16, Shelburne dike (7); 17, Rossville intrusive (8); 18, Preakness Basalt (8); 19, Foum Zguid (7); 20, Ash bed LM4-86, Peru (1, 2); 21, Ash bed LM4-90, Peru (1, 2); 22, Ash bed NYC-N10, Nevada (1); 23, Ash bed LM4-100/101, Peru (1, 2); 24, Amazonas Basin sill, Brazil (33); 25, Solimões Basin sill, Brazil (33). (B) Ammonite zones and extinction interval (32). (C to E) Bulk organic C-isotope (as ‰ of Vienna Pee Dee belemnite) (9, 32) and Hg/TOC (in ppb/%) records for (C) Stenlille-1, (D) Kuhjoch, Austria (17, 34), and (E) New York Canyon, Nevada (16). For an expanded version of this figure showing correlations of Hg/TOC-records and Hg -records of all studied localities, see fig. S2.
Fig. 2 Selected photos of LTT-spores teratology, arranged after teratology category defined in Table 1. In black frames: (A to F) representatives of normal spores. In white frames, mild teratology: (G and H) dwarfs, (I to K) unexpanded forms. In yellow frames, mild to moderate teratology: (L and M) uneven trilete mark, (N) uneven trilete mark and aberrant exine cracks, (O to Q) aberrant exine cracks or folds, (R to U) thickened labra or with growths, and (V) dwarf with thickened labra. In orange frames, moderate teratology: (W) quadrilete specimen, (X) monolete specimens with thickened labra, (Y and Z) mono- or multilete specimens, (AA) monolete specimen with deformed labra and possibly deformed outline, and (BB and CC) specimens with deformed outline. In light red frames, moderate to severe teratology: (DD) specimen with weakly deformed trilete mark and deformed outline, (EE) weakly deformed proximal area on a quadrilete specimen, (FF) weakly deformed proximal area with weakly discernable laesura and deformed outline, and (GG) conjoined twins. In dark red frames, severe teratology: (HH and II) severe proximal deformation. Scale bar, 20 μm. For sample number and England Finder coordinates, see table S1.
Fig. 3 Organic δ13C, total organic carbon, Hg loading and Hg/TOC, and total teratology for Stenlille-1 and Rødby-1. (A) Stenlille-1, and (B) Rødby-1. The LTT- and LCT-spore teratology is expressed as percentage of the total number of specimens counted within each genus per sample, as well as total severity of sample expressed as colors. Lithology and intervals used to subdivide the TJB succession mainly after reference (32). Stars denote approximate position of terrestrial coal/coaly beds in the Danish Basin (45). Number of stars indicates frequency of wildfires. Larger star size indicates higher estimated burning temperature (45). Red arrows on (A) mark levels where Hg and Hg/TOC decrease, while TOC levels remain high. Note that TOC values below the detection levels are marked with white squares and that no Hg/TOC values were calculated for these samples. VPDB, Vienna Pee Dee belemnite.
Fig. 4 TOC, Hg loading and Hg/TOC, and total teratology for Stenlille-4 and Norra Albert/Albert-1. (A) Stenlille-4 and (B) Norra Albert/Albert-1. The LTT- and LCT-spore teratology is expressed as percentage of the total number of specimens counted within each genus per sample, as well as total severity of sample expressed as colors. Lithology and intervals used to subdivide the TJB succession mainly after (36). Red arrows on (A) mark levels where Hg and Hg/TOC decrease, while TOC levels remain high. Note that TOC values below the detection levels are marked with white squares and that no Hg/TOC values were generated for these samples.
Fig. 5 Hg loading and Hg/TOC versus cumulative abundance and severity of LTT-spore teratology. (A) Stenlille-1, (B) Stenlille-4, and (C) Rødby-1. (A) to (J) Teratological severity categories; characteristics can be found in Table 1. Original plots for the cumulative abundance and severity can be found in fig. S2 to S4, and the data are listed in tables S2 to S4.
- Table 1 Teratology: Characterization, severity, and possible cause.
Teratology Characteristics Severity Possible cause (A) Dwarfed
formsAberrant small
size. Often
dense exine.
Immature.Minor Premature
shedding.(B) Unexpanded
formsPoorly inflated.
Immature.Minor Premature
shedding.(C) Uneven
trilete raysUneven length
of trilete rays or
deformed
(sinuous) trilete
rays.Minor to
moderateOne or more
aborted spore
in tetrad.(D) Aberrant
foldingExine with
transverse folds
and/or cracks.Minor to
moderateMild genetic
disturbance?(E) Labra
thickened or
with growthsAberrant wide
labras or with
growths
(baculae,
granae, and
verrucae) on
labra.Minor to
moderateMild genetic
disturbance.(F) Mono- or
multileteAberrant mark
with too few or
too many rays.Moderate Disturbed
meiosis
resulting in
either a
tetragonal
tetrad
configuration,
or more than 4
spores, or due
to fused twins.
Unbalanced
cytokinesis.(G) Deformed
outlineIndentations on
spore margin,
not caused by
folding or
preservation.Moderate Probably not
only related to
uneven spore
development in
a tetrad.
Genetic
disturbance
affecting cell
growth.
Incomplete
cytokinesis.(H) Minor
proximal
deformationThickened and/
or wrinkled
proximal area
with trilete
mark partially
discernable.Moderate to
severeGenetic
deformation
affecting the
proximal
(germination)
area.(I) Deformed or
fused tetrads or
dyadsNot merely
separate spores
still in tetrad or
dyad
configuration.Moderate to
severeMay indicate
genetic
disturbance
and
unbalanced
cytokinesis.(J) Major
proximal
deformationThickened and
wrinkled
proximal area
where the
trilete mark is
not discernable.Severe Severe genetic
deformation of
proximal
(germination)
area.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/5/10/eaaw4018/DC1
Supplementary Text
Fig. S1. Selected photographs of LTT-spores teratology, arranged after teratology categories defined in Table 1.
Fig. S2. Expanded correlation from Fig. 1.
Fig. S3. Plots showing the stratigraphic occurrence and abundance of each teratological form of LTT-spores.
Fig. S4. Correlation between the localities studied herein.
Fig. S5. Correlation of organic C-isotopes (4), charcoal data (56), PAH (52), and mercury data (17) from Astartekløft, Greenland.
Table S1. Sample and slide numbers and England Finder coordinates for the LTT-spores illustrated in Fig. 2.
Table S2. Stenlille-1: Counts of total and aberrant LTT-spores.
Table S3. Stenlille-4: Counts of total and aberrant LTT-spores.
Table S4. Rødby-1: Counts of total and aberrant LTT-spores.
Table S5. Norra Albert/Albert-1: Counts of total and aberrant LTT-spores.
Table S6. Stenlille-1: Counts of total and aberrant LCT-spores.
Table S7. Stenlille-4: Counts of total and aberrant LCT-spores.
Table S8. Rødby-1: Counts of total and aberrant LCT-spores.
Table S9. Mercury and TOC values for the investigated localities.
Table S10. Sample and slide numbers and England Finder coordinates for the LCT-spores illustrated in fig. S1.
References (61–76)
Additional Files
Supplementary Materials
This PDF file includes:
- Supplementary Text
- Fig. S1. Selected photographs of LTT-spores teratology, arranged after teratology categories defined in Table 1.
- Fig. S2. Expanded correlation from Fig. 1.
- Fig. S3. Plots showing the stratigraphic occurrence and abundance of each teratological form of LTT-spores.
- Fig. S4. Correlation between the localities studied herein.
- Fig. S5. Correlation of organic C-isotopes (4), charcoal data (56), PAH (52), and mercury data (17) from Astartekløft, Greenland.
- Table S1. Sample and slide numbers and England Finder coordinates for the LTT-spores illustrated in Fig. 2.
- Table S2. Stenlille-1: Counts of total and aberrant LTT-spores.
- Table S3. Stenlille-4: Counts of total and aberrant LTT-spores.
- Table S4. Rødby-1: Counts of total and aberrant LTT-spores.
- Table S5. Norra Albert/Albert-1: Counts of total and aberrant LTT-spores.
- Table S6. Stenlille-1: Counts of total and aberrant LCT-spores.
- Table S7. Stenlille-4: Counts of total and aberrant LCT-spores.
- Table S8. Rødby-1: Counts of total and aberrant LCT-spores.
- Table S9. Mercury and TOC values for the investigated localities.
- Table S10. Sample and slide numbers and England Finder coordinates for the LCT-spores illustrated in fig. S1.
- References (61–76)
Files in this Data Supplement: