Fig. 1 Factors affecting the extent of allomaternal nursing (allonursing). (A) Increased allomaternal nursing within mother-daughter dyads. (B) Positive relationship between mother’s and allonurser’s pattern of reciprocal allomaternal nursing. (C) No difference in allomaternal nursing proportions between females with an unweaned infant (approximately 1 year of age) and females with a neonate (<6 months of age). (D) No difference in allomaternal nursing proportions between primiparous and multiparous mothers (**P < 0.01; ns, no significance, P > 0.05).
- Table 1 Model-averaged coefficients of generalized linear mixed models for factors potentially affecting the likelihood of a female acting as an allonurser and the result of the best model.
Fixed effect Estimate coefficient SE Z value P Relative variable importance (A) Model averaging Intercept 3.515 1.242 2.866 0.0016 Relatedness 1.579 0.625 2.491 0.0127 1.00 Reciprocity 6.963 1.650 4.175 0.00002 1.00 Age of offspring −1.766 1.142 1.535 0.1246 0.90 Reproductive history 2.171 1.3157 1.637 0.1016 0.86 (B) Best model Intercept −3.7192 1.1413 −3.259 0.0011 Relatedness 1.6725 0.6164 2.718 0.0065 Reciprocity 7.2261 1.6407 4.404 0.0001 Age of offspring −2.0913 0.9650 −2.167 0.0302 Reproductive history 2.4982 1.1539 2.165 0.0304 - Table 2 Birth seasonality and number of infants and lactating females observed during the study period.
Year Birth
seasonalityNumber of
infantsNumber of
lactating
females2012 1 April to 21
May7* 18 2013 20 March to 1
June12 16 2014 25 March to 27
May7 17 2015 1 March to 8
May17** 20 2016 18 March to 26
April4 10 *Including one stillborn.
**Including one born on 25 August.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/5/2/eaav0499/DC1
Table S1. The infant’s mother, (potential) allonurser, proportion of allomaternal nursing (based on time spent nursing), and kin relationship between the allonurser and the infant’s mother in the social units of a free-ranging group of golden snub-nosed monkeys (R. roxellana).
Table S2. AICc-ranked candidate model set showing relative importance of the following parameters on whether a female acted as allonurser.
Table S3. Social and ecological traits of primate species for which regular allomaternal nursing has been reported.
Table S4. Adult females’ reproductive history in focal group that is composed of four to six OMUs.
References (45–49)
Additional Files
Supplementary Materials
This PDF file includes:
- Table S1. The infant’s mother, (potential) allonurser, proportion of allomaternal nursing (based on time spent nursing), and kin relationship between the allonurser and the infant’s mother in the social units of a free-ranging group of golden snub-nosed monkeys (R. roxellana).
- Table S2. AICc-ranked candidate model set showing relative importance of the following parameters on whether a female acted as allonurser.
- Table S3. Social and ecological traits of primate species for which regular allomaternal nursing has been reported.
- Table S4. Adult females’ reproductive history in focal group that is composed of four to six OMUs.
- References (45–49)
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