Research ArticleECOLOGY
Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests
- View ORCID ProfileDanaë M. A. Rozendaal1,2,3,4,*,†,
- View ORCID ProfileFrans Bongers1,
- T. Mitchell Aide5,
- View ORCID ProfileEsteban Alvarez-Dávila6,7,
- Nataly Ascarrunz8,
- Patricia Balvanera9,
- Justin M. Becknell10,
- View ORCID ProfileTony V. Bentos11,
- View ORCID ProfilePedro H. S. Brancalion12,
- George A. L. Cabral13,
- View ORCID ProfileSofia Calvo-Rodriguez14,
- Jerome Chave15,
- View ORCID ProfileRicardo G. César12,
- View ORCID ProfileRobin L. Chazdon3,16,17,
- View ORCID ProfileRichard Condit18,
- Jorn S. Dallinga4,
- Jarcilene S. de Almeida-Cortez13,
- Ben de Jong19,
- View ORCID ProfileAlexandre de Oliveira20,
- Julie S. Denslow21,
- View ORCID ProfileDaisy H. Dent22,23,
- Saara J. DeWalt24,
- View ORCID ProfileJuan Manuel Dupuy25,
- View ORCID ProfileSandra M. Durán14,
- Loïc P. Dutrieux4,26,
- View ORCID ProfileMario M. Espírito-Santo27,
- María C. Fandino28,
- G. Wilson Fernandes29,
- Bryan Finegan30,
- View ORCID ProfileHernando García31,
- Noel Gonzalez32,
- Vanessa Granda Moser33,
- Jefferson S. Hall18,
- View ORCID ProfileJosé Luis Hernández-Stefanoni25,
- Stephen Hubbell18,
- View ORCID ProfileCatarina C. Jakovac11,16,34,
- Alma Johanna Hernández31,
- View ORCID ProfileAndré B. Junqueira16,34,35,‡,
- View ORCID ProfileDeborah Kennard36,
- Denis Larpin37,
- Susan G. Letcher38,
- Juan-Carlos Licona8,
- Edwin Lebrija-Trejos39,
- View ORCID ProfileErika Marín-Spiotta40,
- Miguel Martínez-Ramos9,
- View ORCID ProfilePaulo E. S. Massoca11,
- Jorge A. Meave41,
- Rita C. G. Mesquita11,
- View ORCID ProfileFrancisco Mora9,
- Sandra C. Müller42,
- View ORCID ProfileRodrigo Muñoz41,
- Silvio Nolasco de Oliveira Neto43,
- View ORCID ProfileNatalia Norden31,
- View ORCID ProfileYule R. F. Nunes27,
- View ORCID ProfileSusana Ochoa-Gaona19,
- Edgar Ortiz-Malavassi44,
- Rebecca Ostertag45,
- View ORCID ProfileMarielos Peña-Claros1,
- Eduardo A. Pérez-García41,
- View ORCID ProfileDaniel Piotto46,
- Jennifer S. Powers47,
- José Aguilar-Cano31,
- View ORCID ProfileSusana Rodriguez-Buritica31,
- Jorge Rodríguez-Velázquez9,
- Marco Antonio Romero-Romero41,
- View ORCID ProfileJorge Ruíz48,49,
- View ORCID ProfileArturo Sanchez-Azofeifa14,
- Arlete Silva de Almeida50,
- View ORCID ProfileWhendee L. Silver51,
- View ORCID ProfileNaomi B. Schwartz52,
- View ORCID ProfileWilliam Wayt Thomas53,
- Marisol Toledo8,
- Maria Uriarte52,
- Everardo Valadares de Sá Sampaio54,
- View ORCID ProfileMichiel van Breugel18,55,56,
- Hans van der Wal57,
- Sebastião Venâncio Martins43,
- Maria D. M. Veloso27,
- Hans F. M. Vester58,
- Alberto Vicentini11,
- View ORCID ProfileIma C. G. Vieira50,
- Pedro Villa59,60,
- G. Bruce Williamson11,61,
- Kátia J. Zanini42,
- Jess Zimmerman62 and
- Lourens Poorter1
- 1Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
- 2Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
- 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- 4Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
- 5Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan, PR 00931-3360, Puerto Rico.
- 6Escuela ECAPMA, UNAD, Calle 14 Sur No. 14-23, Bogotá, Colombia.
- 7Fundación Con Vida, Avenida del Río # 20-114, Medellín, Colombia.
- 8Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
- 9Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
- 10Environmental Studies Program, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USA.
- 11Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil.
- 12Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
- 13Departamento de Botânica-CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, CEP 50670-901, Brazil.
- 14Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EG, Canada.
- 15Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
- 16International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Horto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-320, Brazil.
- 17Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ramaley N122, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
- 18SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
- 19Department of Sustainability Science, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma 24500, Campeche, Mexico.
- 20Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, no. 321, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, Brazil.
- 21Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
- 22Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
- 23Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
- 24Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
- 25Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Calle 43 # 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México.
- 26National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO), Mexico City, C.P. 14010, México.
- 27Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil.
- 28Fondo Patrimonio Natural para la Biodiversidad y Areas Protegidas, Calle 72 No. 12-65 piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia.
- 29Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30161-901, Brazil.
- 30Forests, Biodiversity and Climate Change Programme, CATIE – Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica.
- 31Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia.
- 32Departamento de Ingenierías, Instituto Tecnológico de Chiná, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Calle 11 s/n, entre 22 y 28, Chiná, 24520 Campeche, México.
- 33Graduate School, Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica.
- 34Centre for Conservation and Sustainability Science (CSRio), Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontificial Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- 35Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
- 36Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, 1100 North Avenue, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA.
- 37Direction Générale Déléguée aux Musées et aux Jardins botaniques et zoologiques (DGD-MJZ), Direction des Jardins Botaniques, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
- 38Department of Environmental Studies, Purchase College (SUNY), 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, NY 10577, USA.
- 39Department of Biology and the Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel.
- 40Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 550 North Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- 41Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México.
- 42Graduate Program in Ecology, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- 43Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- 44Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, Costa Rica.
- 45Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
- 46Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna-BA, 45613-204, Brazil.
- 47Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
- 48School of Social Sciences, Geography Area, Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnologica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia.
- 49Department of Geography, 4841 Ellison Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
- 50Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, CEP 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
- 51Ecosystem Science Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- 52Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- 53Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA.
- 54Departamento de Energia Nuclear -CTG, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Luis Freire 1000, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-540, Brazil.
- 55Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138610, Singapore.
- 56Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
- 57Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, 86280 Centro Tabasco, México.
- 58Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- 59Program of Botany, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- 60Fundación para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (ProBiodiversa), 5101 Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.
- 61Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1705, USA.
- 62Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, Puerto Rico.
- ↵*Corresponding author. Email: danae.rozendaal{at}wur.nl
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Science Advances 06 Mar 2019:
Vol. 5, no. 3, eaau3114
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau3114
Vol. 5, no. 3, eaau3114
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau3114
Danaë M. A. Rozendaal
1Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
2Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
4Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
Frans Bongers
1Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
T. Mitchell Aide
5Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan, PR 00931-3360, Puerto Rico.
Esteban Alvarez-Dávila
6Escuela ECAPMA, UNAD, Calle 14 Sur No. 14-23, Bogotá, Colombia.
7Fundación Con Vida, Avenida del Río # 20-114, Medellín, Colombia.
Nataly Ascarrunz
8Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
Patricia Balvanera
9Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
Justin M. Becknell
10Environmental Studies Program, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USA.
Tony V. Bentos
11Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil.
Pedro H. S. Brancalion
12Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
George A. L. Cabral
13Departamento de Botânica-CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, CEP 50670-901, Brazil.
Sofia Calvo-Rodriguez
14Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EG, Canada.
Jerome Chave
15Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
Ricardo G. César
12Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
Robin L. Chazdon
3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
16International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Horto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-320, Brazil.
17Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ramaley N122, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
Richard Condit
18SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
Jorn S. Dallinga
4Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
Jarcilene S. de Almeida-Cortez
13Departamento de Botânica-CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, CEP 50670-901, Brazil.
Ben de Jong
19Department of Sustainability Science, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma 24500, Campeche, Mexico.
Alexandre de Oliveira
20Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, no. 321, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, Brazil.
Julie S. Denslow
21Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
Daisy H. Dent
22Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
23Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
Saara J. DeWalt
24Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
Juan Manuel Dupuy
25Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Calle 43 # 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México.
Sandra M. Durán
14Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EG, Canada.
Loïc P. Dutrieux
4Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
26National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO), Mexico City, C.P. 14010, México.
Mario M. Espírito-Santo
27Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil.
María C. Fandino
28Fondo Patrimonio Natural para la Biodiversidad y Areas Protegidas, Calle 72 No. 12-65 piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia.
G. Wilson Fernandes
29Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30161-901, Brazil.
Bryan Finegan
30Forests, Biodiversity and Climate Change Programme, CATIE – Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Hernando García
31Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia.
Noel Gonzalez
32Departamento de Ingenierías, Instituto Tecnológico de Chiná, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Calle 11 s/n, entre 22 y 28, Chiná, 24520 Campeche, México.
Vanessa Granda Moser
33Graduate School, Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Jefferson S. Hall
18SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni
25Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Calle 43 # 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México.
Stephen Hubbell
18SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
Catarina C. Jakovac
11Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil.
16International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Horto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-320, Brazil.
34Centre for Conservation and Sustainability Science (CSRio), Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontificial Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Alma Johanna Hernández
31Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia.
André B. Junqueira
16International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Horto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-320, Brazil.
34Centre for Conservation and Sustainability Science (CSRio), Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontificial Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
35Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Deborah Kennard
36Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, 1100 North Avenue, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA.
Denis Larpin
37Direction Générale Déléguée aux Musées et aux Jardins botaniques et zoologiques (DGD-MJZ), Direction des Jardins Botaniques, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
Susan G. Letcher
38Department of Environmental Studies, Purchase College (SUNY), 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, NY 10577, USA.
Juan-Carlos Licona
8Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
Edwin Lebrija-Trejos
39Department of Biology and the Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel.
Erika Marín-Spiotta
40Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 550 North Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Miguel Martínez-Ramos
9Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
Paulo E. S. Massoca
11Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil.
Jorge A. Meave
41Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México.
Rita C. G. Mesquita
11Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil.
Francisco Mora
9Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
Sandra C. Müller
42Graduate Program in Ecology, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Rodrigo Muñoz
41Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México.
Silvio Nolasco de Oliveira Neto
43Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Natalia Norden
31Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia.
Yule R. F. Nunes
27Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil.
Susana Ochoa-Gaona
19Department of Sustainability Science, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma 24500, Campeche, Mexico.
Edgar Ortiz-Malavassi
44Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, Costa Rica.
Rebecca Ostertag
45Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
Marielos Peña-Claros
1Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
Eduardo A. Pérez-García
41Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México.
Daniel Piotto
46Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna-BA, 45613-204, Brazil.
Jennifer S. Powers
47Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
José Aguilar-Cano
31Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia.
Susana Rodriguez-Buritica
31Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia.
Jorge Rodríguez-Velázquez
9Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
Marco Antonio Romero-Romero
41Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México.
Jorge Ruíz
48School of Social Sciences, Geography Area, Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnologica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia.
49Department of Geography, 4841 Ellison Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa
14Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EG, Canada.
Arlete Silva de Almeida
50Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, CEP 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
Whendee L. Silver
51Ecosystem Science Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Naomi B. Schwartz
52Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
William Wayt Thomas
53Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA.
Marisol Toledo
8Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
Maria Uriarte
52Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
Everardo Valadares de Sá Sampaio
54Departamento de Energia Nuclear -CTG, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Luis Freire 1000, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-540, Brazil.
Michiel van Breugel
18SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
55Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138610, Singapore.
56Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
Hans van der Wal
57Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, 86280 Centro Tabasco, México.
Sebastião Venâncio Martins
43Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Maria D. M. Veloso
27Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil.
Hans F. M. Vester
58Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Alberto Vicentini
11Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil.
Ima C. G. Vieira
50Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, CEP 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
Pedro Villa
59Program of Botany, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
60Fundación para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (ProBiodiversa), 5101 Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.
G. Bruce Williamson
11Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil.
61Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1705, USA.
Kátia J. Zanini
42Graduate Program in Ecology, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Jess Zimmerman
62Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, Puerto Rico.
Lourens Poorter
1Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
