Fig. 2 Comparison of leporid abundance and marked and/or altered leporid specimens in modern control assemblages (yellow symbols) and published (green symbols) and newly examined (red symbols) archaeological assemblages. The data include (A) the percentage of leporids, (B) leporid specimens with cutmarks, (C) burned specimens, (D) and long bone diaphysis tubes (out of the total long bone NISP, ulna excluded), (E) the length of tibia tubes in millimeters (green breaks only), and (F) the percentage of specimens with pits and/or gnawing marks, and (G) digested specimens. All percentages are based on NISP counts. Noct, nocturnal raptors; diurn, diurnal raptors; carn, small carnivores; EUP, Early Upper Paleolithic; LUP, Late Upper Paleolithic; LUP/H, Late Upper Paleolithic/early Holocene (see Supplementary Materials). Sample sizes and raw data are provided in data file S1.
Fig. 3 Anthropogenic marks in the newly studied assemblages. Examples of cutmarked leporid specimens from Terra Amata (A, C1a; B and C, C1b), la Baume des Peyrards (D and F), la Crouzade (G, layer 7b), l’Hortus (H, layer 26), les Ramandils (I and J, N21, NW26), le Salpêtre de Pompignan (K, level VII base), and tibia diaphysis tubes from la Baume des Peyrards (E). Skeletal elements: tibia (A, C to E, and H), ulna (B), calcaneus (F), humerus (G), femur (I), metatarsal II (J), and innominate (K). Scale bars, 1 mm except for (E). Photo credit: E. Morin and J. Meier, Trent University and University of North Florida (A to D and F to J); D. Drainat, Centre Européen de Recherches Préhistoriques, Tautavel (E).
Fig. 4 Comparisons of different attributes of leporid assemblages. These comparisons include scatterplots of %NISP of (A) leporids versus adults; (B) burned versus cutmarked specimens; and (C) specimens with pits and/or gnaw mark versus digestion damage. (D) Cluster analysis of five taphonomic attributes expressed in percentage (see text). Data points in the scatterplots correspond to assemblages analyzed for this study (red) and published MP (green), EUP (blue), and LUP/H sites (black). In (D), the newly studied assemblages are shown in bold red, whereas modern control assemblages are shown in gray.
- Table 1 Taxonomic representation, age profile, and taphonomic data for the sites considered in this study.
L.NISP, leporid NISP; U.NISP, ungulate NISP; nd, no data. Abbreviations for the assemblages are as in Fig. 1. The age profile and taphonomic data are for leporids only. Sample sizes are smaller for certain analyses (see data file S1). Percentages were calculated using number of identifiable specimens (NISP) for leporids. See Supplementary Materials for methods of calculation.
Assemblage,
L.NISPU.NISP % Leporids % Adults % Infants % Cut % Burned % Tubes % Pits/gnaw % Dig Terra C1b, n = 210 407 66.0 88.5 4.6 1.9 1.6 21.1 0.1 0 Terra C1a, n = 790 205 50.6 82.6 2.8 2.4 3.8 27.0 0 0 Laz UA27, n = 10802 nd nd 56.3 23.2 1.0 5.6 20.3 7.0 0.3 Laz UA28, n = 9095 2201 80.5 68.4 14.6 0.9 7.1 12.9 5.7 0.6 Laz UA29, n = 4554 nd nd 47.5 17.1 0.6 2.3 12.8 5.8 1.5 Can 2, n = 353 348 50.6 88.5 0 1.4 7.6 12.5 0.3 0 Ram I, n = 138 3 97.9 100 0 2.2 4.3 15.4 5.8 0.7 Ram II, n = 876 55 94.1 86.2 0.8 4.8 17.1 29.0 5.6 0.3 Ram III, n = 247 119 67.5 88.6 1.3 2.8 28.3 19.6 2.0 0.4 Ram IV, n = 287 5 98.3 98.1 1.2 0.7 39.7 15.6 1.7 0 Ram V, n = 169 0 100 85.7 0 1.2 17.2 14.3 0.6 0 Pey, n = 1080 nd nd 91.5 0.2 0.7 0.6 54.2 0.7 0.1 Salp V, n = 471 20 96.0 75.0 nd 0 0 0 0.2 0.4 Salp VI, n = 173 23 88.3 86.7 nd 0 0 0 1.2 0.6 Salp VII, n = 1030 71 93.6 86.0 3.2 0.1 0.1 0 0.5 0.2 Salp VIII, n = 222 55 80.1 92.9 0 0.5 0.5 11.1 0.5 0.5 Salp IX, n = 359 242 59.7 92.5 0 0 0.6 0 0 0.6 Hor 10–20, n = 1180 1650 41.7 76.0 2.4 0.2 0.3 9.1 2.5 0.3 Hor 21–26, n = 1540 361 81.0 29.1 36.4 0.3 0.5 7.9 1.1 1.2 Hor 27–33, n = 228 730 23.8 41.9 36.5 0 0 0 0.4 1.8 Crouz 7, n = 256 38 87.1 69.0 8.8 2.7 1.2 11.6 0.4 13.3
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/5/3/eaav9106/DC1
Supplementary Materials and Methods
Fig. S1. Anatomical refits for various taxa at the site of l’Hortus and definition of the three ensembles used in this study.
Data file S1. Leporid data for the new assemblages and the comparative sample.
References (48–113)
Additional Files
Supplementary Materials
The PDF file includes:
- Supplementary Materials and Methods
- Fig. S1. Anatomical refits for various taxa at the site of l'Hortus and definition of the three ensembles used in this study.
- References (48–113)
Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following:
- Data file S1 (Microsoft Excel format). Leporid data for the new assemblages and the comparative sample.
Files in this Data Supplement:
