- Table 1 Descriptive statistics for all variables of interest (N = 4165).
AS, acute stress; PTS, posttraumatic stress symptoms; NYC, New York City.
Variable n % Mean (SD) Gender Male 1921 46.12 Female 2244 53.88 Ethnicity White, non-Hispanic 3148 75.58 Black/African American 329 7.90 Other, non-Hispanic 288 6.91 Hispanic 400 9.60 Education Less than high school 246 5.91 High school diploma 1063 25.52 Some college/associate
degree1178 28.28 Bachelor degree or
beyond1678 40.29 Household income ($) <25,000 595 14.29 25,000–49,999 875 21.01 50,000–74,999 788 18.92 75,000–99,999 648 15.56 100,000–124,999 541 12.99 ≥125,000 718 17.24 Sample area Boston metro 839 18.61 NYC metro 775 20.14 National 2551 61.25 Mental health diagnoses None (0) 3417 82.04 Depression or anxiety (1) 553 13.28 Depression and anxiety (2) 195 4.68 Age 50.01 (16.78) Prior violence exposure* 0.81 (1.33) Boston Marathon
bombings daily media
(hours)†6.09 (6.84) Boston Marathon
bombings PTS‡5.11 (2.01) Worry about future events§ 1.99 (0.71) Pulse nightclub massacre
daily media (hours)ǁ3.21 (3.60) Pulse nightclub massacre
AS¶6.82 (7.38) *Prior violence exposure range, 0 to 12.
†Daily hours of Boston Marathon bombing–related media range, 0 to 33 hours.
‡PTS range, 4 to 20.
§Worry about future events range, 0 to 5.
ǁDaily hours of Pulse nightclub massacre–related media range, 0 to 18 hours.
¶AS range, 0 to 56.
- Table 2 Correlations among variables presented in the path model.
BMB, Boston Marathon bombing; Dx, diagnosis.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1. Age 1.00 2. White
ethnicity0.18*** 1.00 3. Female
gender−0.02 −0.02 1.00 4. Income 0.01 0.14*** −0.08*** 1.00 5. College
degree0.01 0.09*** −0.05** 0.35*** 1.00 6. Boston
metro0.04* 0.14*** 0.07*** 0.02 0.14*** 1.00 7. NYC metro 0.09*** −0.08*** −0.07*** 0.06*** 0.06*** −0.24*** 1.00 8. Prior mental
health Dx−0.01 0.01 0.12*** −0.13*** −0.06*** 0.02 −0.01 1.00 9. Prior
violence−0.00 −0.10*** 0.01 −0.14*** −0.07*** −0.01 0.01 0.18*** 1.00 10. BMB-
related
media
exposure−0.03* −0.11*** 0.05*** −0.07*** −0.02 0.19*** 0.02 0.03* 0.05** 1.00 11. BMB-
related PTS−0.01 −0.12*** 0.06*** −0.14*** −0.11*** 0.05** 0.04* 0.10*** 0.18*** 0.33*** 1.00 12. Worry
about
future
events−0.04* −0.12*** 0.12*** −0.20*** −0.14*** −0.06*** 0.05** 0.13*** 0.23*** 0.17*** 0.44*** 1.00 13. Pulse-
related
media
exposure−0.07*** −0.14*** 0.01 −0.08*** −0.06*** −0.03 0.05* 0.04* 0.05** 0.39*** 0.29*** 0.23*** 1.00 14. Pulse-
related
acute stress−0.00 −0.15*** 0.09*** −0.13*** −0.07*** −0.00 0.05** 0.16*** 0.17*** 0.24*** 0.49*** 0.48*** 0.40*** 1.00 *P < 0.05.
**P < 0.01.
***P < 0.001.
- Table 3 Standardized regression coefficients for paths not presented in the full model (N = 4165).
Variable Path predicting Boston Marathon
bombing–related
mediaBoston Marathon
bombing PTSAge −0.02 0.01 Female gender 0.05 0.04* White ethnicity −0.11*** −0.08*** Income −0.04** −0.07*** College degree −0.03* −0.07*** Boston metro 0.21*** 0.03 NYC metro 0.08*** 0.04** *P < 0.05.
**P < 0.01.
***P < 0.001.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/5/4/eaav3502/DC1
Supplementary Materials and Methods
Supplementary Analyses
Fig. S1. Path model controlling for direct exposure to the Boston Marathon bombing and the Pulse nightclub massacre.
Fig. S2. Path model testing recursive media exposure and distress hypothesis.
Fig. S3. Path model testing alternative directionality hypothesis for media exposure and distress.
Additional Files
Supplementary Materials
This PDF file includes:
- Supplementary Materials and Methods
- Supplementary Analyses
- Fig. S1. Path model controlling for direct exposure to the Boston Marathon bombing and the Pulse nightclub massacre.
- Fig. S2. Path model testing recursive media exposure and distress hypothesis.
- Fig. S3. Path model testing alternative directionality hypothesis for media exposure and distress.
Files in this Data Supplement:
