Fig. 1 Spatial variation in biodiversity loss. (A) Ratio of threatened species, encompassing IUCN Red List categories: Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), and Vulnerable (VU). Provinces with a high proportion of threatened species are mainly found in southwest China, including Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Guizhou provinces. (B) Correlation between total number of species and total number of threatened species. There is a significant positive correlation between the number of threatened species and richness in different provinces. (C) Distribution range of threatened species significantly reduced during 2006–2018 compared with 1901–1980.
- Table 1 Multiple environmental stressors and their bivariate Moran’s I values.
Positive or negative values of the BMI for biodiversity-loss species reflect how closely variables are correlated in space. A positive value indicates driving positive effect of a stressor on numbers of key biodiversity-loss species in the surrounding area, while a negative value indicates the corresponding adverse effect. A total of 1499 key biodiversity-loss species are found in China, and the overall population is decreasing. Refer to table S5 for the definitions and sources of these stressors. These data were collected at the provincial level and mainly cover recent years.
Stressor
categorySpecific
stressorBivariate
Moran’s I
(BMI) with
threatened
speciesP Climate factors Climate zone 0.239 0.002 Average
precipitation0.278 0.003 Average
temperature0.31 0.001 Longitude −0.239 0.003 Latitude −0.395 0.001 Climate change NOx emissions −0.211 0.003 CO2 emissions −0.228 0.001 Long-term
precipitation
change0.106 0.051 Long-term
temperature
change−0.101 0.054 Pollution SO2 emissions −0.134 0.028 Industrial solid
waste
emissions−0.211 0.001 Waste water
emissions−0.038 0.324 Emergent
environmental
accidents−0.046 0.223 Human activities Gross domestic
product (GDP)−0.087 0.094 Electricity
consumption−0.105 0.053 Nighttime
lights−0.154 0.007 Cultivated land −0.106 0.014 Construction
land−0.133 0.029 Natural factors Forest coverage 0.211 0.005 Economic
losses caused
by geological
disasters0.142 0.027 Soil erosion 0.042 0.184 Eco-water
supplies−0.226 0.001 - Table 2 The numbers of biodiversity-loss species and families in different climate zones.
“Major family” represents a family with more species number in the relevant climate zone as shown in table S3.
Climate zone Average
precipitation
(mm)Average
temperature
(°C)Main
distribution areaName of the major family Corresponding
species numberPercentage of
total zoneTropical
monsoon
climate (TRMC)1500–2000 Above 20 Hainan Island,
southern Yunnan,
etc.Fabaceae 6 7.8% Orchidaceae 5 6.5% Theaceae 5 6.5% Annonaceae 4 5.2% Subtropical
monsoon
climate (SMC)1000–1600 14–20 25°–35° north
latitude, widely
distributed in
south ChinaOrchidaceae 113 15.8% Theaceae 37 5.2% Magnoliaceae 31 4.3% Cyprinidae 30 4.2% Pinaceae 21 2.9% Aquifoliaceae 17 2.4% Atyidae 17 2.4% Berberidaceae 16 2.2% Araliaceae 15 2.1% Cycadaceae 12 1.7% Apocynaceae 11 1.5% Aristolochiaceae 11 1.5% Cupressaceae 11 1.5% Taxaceae 11 1.5% Annonaceae 10 1.4% Temperate
monsoon
climate (TEMC)400–800 5–12 Widely in north
and northeast
ChinaOrchidaceae 14 13.2% Anatidae 5 4.7% Pinaceae 5 4.7% Plateau mountain
climate (PMC)300–500 1–5 Mainly
Qinghai-Tibetan
plateauOrchidaceae 21 31.8% Pinaceae 6 9.1% Berberidaceae 4 6.1% Taxaceae 4 6.1% Temperate
continental
climate (TCC)100–400 3–9 Northwest China Orchidaceae 16 19.3% Gruidae 5 6.0% Pinaceae 5 6.0%
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/47/eabd0952/DC1
Additional Files
Supplementary Materials
Spatial variation in biodiversity loss across China under multiple environmental stressors
Yonglong Lu, Yifu Yang, Bin Sun, Jingjing Yuan, Minzhao Yu, Nils Chr. Stenseth, James M. Bullock, Michael Obersteiner
The PDF file includes:
- Figs. S1 to S4
- Table S1
- Legends for tables S2 to S4
- Table S5
- Legend for table S6
- Legend for extended data
Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following:
Files in this Data Supplement:
