Science Advances

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• Fig. S1. GPA of PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ superlattices.
• Fig. S2. Bond length analysis for polar vortex.
• Fig. S3. An iDPC image of (SrTiO₃)₁₀/(PbTiO₃)₁₀ superlattices with illustrated PbTiO₃ and SrTiO₃ layers.
• Fig. S4. Atomically resolved iDPC images of PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ thin films.
• Fig. S5. Polarization measurement based on cation-cation atomic positions in the HAADF image.
• Fig. S6. Quantification of polarization distribution for PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ thin films based on the cation-anion atomic positions in the iDPC image.
• References (33–38)

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