Science Advances

The PDF file includes:

• Supplementary Text
• Fig. S1. Locations of the study sites.
• Fig. S2. Climatology of relevant cities.
• Fig. S3. Images of stalagmite samples.
• Fig. S4. Age models.
• Fig. S5. Replication test on stable isotope data from PDM02.
• Fig. S6. Scatter plot of δ¹⁸O versus δ¹³C.
• Fig. S7. The three obtained speleothem δ¹⁸O records.
• Fig. S8. Comparison of the CBoB and Mawmluh cave records.
• Fig. S9. Comparison of orbital AM records and Vostok atmospheric molecular oxygen δ¹⁸O record.
• Fig. S10. Spatial-temporal comparison of speleothem δ¹⁸O records from the coastal Indian Ocean and southern China.
• Fig. S11. Ice volume and temperature effects.
• Fig. S12. Spatial-temporal comparison of speleothem δ¹⁸O records from mainland Southeast Asia over the past 40 ka.
• Fig. S13. Calculation of rainfall δ¹⁸O gradient across mainland Southeast Asia.
• Table S1. A list of the studied speleothem samples and their cave locations.
• Table S2. Rainfall oxygen isotopic compositions across mainland Southeast Asia.
• Table S3. Calculations of water vapor loss over the CBoB site.
• Legends for data S1 and S2
• References (63–91)

Download PDF

Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following:

• Data S1 (Microsoft Excel format). ²³⁰Th dating results, with errors within 2σ (95% in confidence).
• Data S2 (Microsoft Excel format). Stable isotope compositions.