PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Rivnay, Jonathan
AU  - Wang, Huiliang
AU  - Fenno, Lief
AU  - Deisseroth, Karl
AU  - Malliaras, George G.
TI  - Next-generation probes, particles, and proteins for neural interfacing
AID  - 10.1126/sciadv.1601649
DP  - 2017 Jun 01
TA  - Science Advances
PG  - e1601649
VI  - 3
IP  - 6
4099  - http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/6/e1601649.short
4100  - http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/6/e1601649.full
SO  - Sci Adv2017 Jun 01; 3
AB  - Bidirectional interfacing with the nervous system enables neuroscience research, diagnosis, and therapy. This two-way communication allows us to monitor the state of the brain and its composite networks and cells as well as to influence them to treat disease or repair/restore sensory or motor function. To provide the most stable and effective interface, the tools of the trade must bridge the soft, ion-rich, and evolving nature of neural tissue with the largely rigid, static realm of microelectronics and medical instruments that allow for readout, analysis, and/or control. In this Review, we describe how the understanding of neural signaling and material-tissue interactions has fueled the expansion of the available tool set. New probe architectures and materials, nanoparticles, dyes, and designer genetically encoded proteins push the limits of recording and stimulation lifetime, localization, and specificity, blurring the boundary between living tissue and engineered tools. Understanding these approaches, their modality, and the role of cross-disciplinary development will support new neurotherapies and prostheses and provide neuroscientists and neurologists with unprecedented access to the brain.