PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Kawai, Shigeki
AU  - Nakatsuka, Soichiro
AU  - Hatakeyama, Takuji
AU  - Pawlak, Rémy
AU  - Meier, Tobias
AU  - Tracey, John
AU  - Meyer, Ernst
AU  - Foster, Adam S.
TI  - Multiple heteroatom substitution to graphene nanoribbon
AID  - 10.1126/sciadv.aar7181
DP  - 2018 Apr 01
TA  - Science Advances
PG  - eaar7181
VI  - 4
IP  - 4
4099  - http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/4/eaar7181.short
4100  - http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/4/eaar7181.full
SO  - Sci Adv2018 Apr 01; 4
AB  - Substituting heteroatoms into nanostructured graphene elements, such as graphene nanoribbons, offers the possibility for atomic engineering of electronic properties. To characterize these substitutions, functionalized atomic force microscopy (AFM)—a tool to directly resolve chemical structures—is one of the most promising tools, yet the chemical analysis of heteroatoms has been rarely performed. We synthesized multiple heteroatom-substituted graphene nanoribbons and showed that AFM can directly resolve elemental differences and can be correlated to the van der Waals radii, as well as the modulated local electron density caused by the substitution. This elemental-sensitive measurement takes an important step in the analysis of functionalized two-dimensional carbon materials.