Table 1 Photovoltaic parameters of DSSCs based on the photoanodes of radially oriented mesoporous TiO₂ microspheres, bulk mesoporous TiO₂, and commercial P25 after TiCl₄ treatment [measured under AM 1.5 sunlight illumination (100 mW cm⁻²)].

The active area of the devices with a metal mask was about 0.16 cm². FF, fill factor.

Samples	V_oc (mV)	J_sc (mA cm⁻²)	FF (%)	η (%)	Adsorbed dye (×10⁻⁷ mol cm⁻²)*
Mesoporous TiO₂ microspheres	751	22.9	70.6	12.1	2.13
Bulk mesoporous TiO₂	759	15.8	63.1	7.6	1.45
P25	734	12.3	75.0	6.8	1.12

*Dye-adsorbed films with an area of ~10 cm² were used for estimating the adsorbed dye concentration. The commercial N719 dye was first desorbed into a 0.1 M NaOH solution in water and ethanol [1:1 (v/v)], and the desorbed N719 dye concentration was then measured by using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer.