All ANOVAs are significant to P < 0.001. Bold indicates significant post hoc P values. All values of J were size-standardized. Run, endurance runners; FB, football players; Row, rowers; Neo, neolithic; BA, Bronze Age; IA, Iron Age; Med, Medieval period; SR Hum:Tib, standardized residuals of regression of humeral and tibial J.
Bone variable | Neo | BA | IA | Med | Run | FB | Row |
Tibial Imax/Imin | |||||||
BA | 0.959 | ||||||
IA | 0.523 | 1.0 | |||||
Med | <0.027 | 0.545 | 1.0 | ||||
Run | 0.734 | <0.033 | <0.012 | <0.001 | |||
FB | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.999 | 0.588 | 0.595 | ||
Row | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.999 | 0.453 | 0.259 | 1.0 | |
Control | <0.014 | 0.823 | 1.0 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 0.897 | 0.750 |
Tibial J | |||||||
BA | 0.774 | ||||||
IA | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
Med | 0.945 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Run | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
FB | 0.269 | <0.003 | 0.166 | <0.019 | 0.801 | ||
Row | 1.0 | 0.664 | 1.0 | 0.86 | <0.001 | 0.701 | |
Control | 1.0 | 0.999 | 1.0 | 1.0 | <0.001 | <0.046 | 1.0 |
Left humeral J* | |||||||
BA | 0.980 | ||||||
IA | 0.973 | 0.709 | |||||
Med | 0.093 | <0.024 | 0.078 | ||||
Run | 0.311 | 0.138 | 0.196 | 0.170 | |||
FB | <0.008 | <0.004 | <0.008 | 0.955 | 0.115 | ||
Row | <0.026 | <0.013 | <0.02 | 0.724 | 0.310 | 0.689 | |
Control | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.297 | <0.001 | 0.160 | <0.038 |
Right humeral J | |||||||
BA | 1.0 | ||||||
IA | 0.873 | 0.633 | |||||
Med | 0.108 | 0.128 | <0.024 | ||||
Run | 0.994 | 0.999 | 0.458 | 0.225 | |||
FB | <0.05 | <0.036 | <0.005 | 0.949 | 0.224 | ||
Row | 0.768 | 0.818 | 0.143 | 0.488 | 0.988 | 0.765 | |
Control | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.005 | 0.808 | 0.081 |
SR Hum:Tib J | |||||||
BA | 0.247 | ||||||
IA | 1.0 | 0.654 | |||||
Med† | 1.0 | 0.181 | 0.992 | ||||
Run | 0.072 | <0.001 | <0.037 | 0.145 | |||
FB | <0.003 | <0.001 | <0.002 | <0.017 | 0.983 | ||
Row | 1.0 | 0.461 | 0.993 | 1.0 | 0.572 | 0.163 | |
Control | <0.009 | <0.001 | <0.009 | 0.079 | 1.0 | 0.704 | 0.550 |
*Kruskal-Wallis test was performed due to non-normality of distribution in one of the groups, with two-tailed Mann-Whitney post hoc comparisons.
†Small sample size (n = 6).