Table 2 Results of post hoc (ANOVA) comparisons of bone CSG properties and linear regression standardized residuals.

All ANOVAs are significant to P < 0.001. Bold indicates significant post hoc P values. All values of J were size-standardized. Run, endurance runners; FB, football players; Row, rowers; Neo, neolithic; BA, Bronze Age; IA, Iron Age; Med, Medieval period; SR Hum:Tib, standardized residuals of regression of humeral and tibial J.

Bone variable	Neo	BA	IA	Med	Run	FB	Row
Tibial I_max/I_min
BA	0.959
IA	0.523	1.0
Med	<0.027	0.545	1.0
Run	0.734	<0.033	<0.012	<0.001
FB	1.0	1.0	0.999	0.588	0.595
Row	1.0	1.0	0.999	0.453	0.259	1.0
Control	<0.014	0.823	1.0	1.0	<0.001	0.897	0.750
Tibial J
BA	0.774
IA	1.0	1.0
Med	0.945	1.0	1.0
Run	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
FB	0.269	<0.003	0.166	<0.019	0.801
Row	1.0	0.664	1.0	0.86	<0.001	0.701
Control	1.0	0.999	1.0	1.0	<0.001	<0.046	1.0
Left humeral J*
BA	0.980
IA	0.973	0.709
Med	0.093	<0.024	0.078
Run	0.311	0.138	0.196	0.170
FB	<0.008	<0.004	<0.008	0.955	0.115
Row	<0.026	<0.013	<0.02	0.724	0.310	0.689
Control	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.297	<0.001	0.160	<0.038
Right humeral J
BA	1.0
IA	0.873	0.633
Med	0.108	0.128	<0.024
Run	0.994	0.999	0.458	0.225
FB	<0.05	<0.036	<0.005	0.949	0.224
Row	0.768	0.818	0.143	0.488	0.988	0.765
Control	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	1.0	<0.005	0.808	0.081
SR Hum:Tib J
BA	0.247
IA	1.0	0.654
Med^†	1.0	0.181	0.992
Run	0.072	<0.001	<0.037	0.145
FB	<0.003	<0.001	<0.002	<0.017	0.983
Row	1.0	0.461	0.993	1.0	0.572	0.163
Control	<0.009	<0.001	<0.009	0.079	1.0	0.704	0.550

*Kruskal-Wallis test was performed due to non-normality of distribution in one of the groups, with two-tailed Mann-Whitney post hoc comparisons.

†Small sample size (n = 6).