Significant deviations from the REF are described by upward (enhancing) or downward (declining) arrows, respectively, or by + for changes in community structure. 0, neutral; PNG, Papua New Guinea; OC, organic carbon; EEA, extracellular enzymatic activity; Undist., undisturbed sediments at CO2 vents; Transpl., medium-term (1 year) transplanted sediments from reference to CO2-impacted site (REF/CO2-R). For references and detailed description of CO2 affects on marine environments at natural CO2 vents, see table S9.
Basiluzzo | Ischia | Vulcano | PNG | |||
Undist. | Transpl. | |||||
Invertebrates | Community structure | + | + | + | na | + |
Abundance | ↓ | ↓ | ↑↓ | na | ↓ | |
Biomass | ↓ | na | na | ↓ | ↓ | |
Seagrass | Density | 0 | na | ↑/0 | ↓ | ↑ |
Biomass | na | na | na | ↓ | ↑ | |
Photosynthetic activity | na | na | 0 | ↑ | ↑ | |
Macroalgae | Community structure | na | na | + | na | + |
Community structure | + | na | na | + | na | |
Microphytobenthos | Abundance | ↑ | na | na | ↑ | na |
Biomass | ↑ | ↑ | na | ↑ | na | |
Bacteria | Community structure | + | + | na | + | + |
Abundance | 0 | 0 | na | na | na | |
Primary production and OC remineralization | Oxygen production | ↑ | na | na | na | na |
Oxygen respiration | ↑ | na | na | na | na | |
SRR | ↓ | ↓ | na | na | na | |
OC degradation | β-glucosidase (EEA) | ↑ | ↑ | na | na | na |
Esterase (EEA) | ↓ | ↓ | na | na | na | |
Nutrients flux | Silicate, iron | ↑ | ↑ | na | na | na |