Table 1 Archeological context, karyotype sex estimates, haplotypes, contamination estimates, and isotopic data from Niederstotzingen.

Strontium values that indicate provenance outside of the region. Full list of mtDNA and NRY haplotypes is given in tables S8 and S9. Complete summary of contamination estimates for mitochondrial and X chromosome on 1240K capture and SE is given in tables S6 and S7. Genetic sex estimates are based on shotgun and 1240K capture. Individuals highlighted in red and green are from two multiple burials, graves 3 and 12 (Fig. 1).

Individual	Archeological context	Age at death estimate (years)	Genetic sex	MtDNA/NRY haplotype	Median mtDNA/X (SE) contamination	Strontium ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr
1	—	40–50	Male	K1a/R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b1a1	0.03/0.002 (0.003)	0.7089
2	—	9–11	Male? *^†	K1a1b2a1a/-	0.15/—	0.7093
3a	Byzantine	20–30	Male	K1a/R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b1a1	0.02/0.0145 (0.007)	0.709
3b	—	50–60	Male	I5a1b/G2a2b1	0.03/0.0009 (0.0024)	0.7104^†
3c	—	20–30	Male	T2/R1b1a2	0.03/0.0404 (0.0203)	0.7089
4	—	2	Male	X2b4/-	0.03/—	0.7094
5	—	0.5–2	Male?*^†	K1a1b2a1a/-	0.04/—	0.7096
6	Lombardian	14–17	Male	H65a/R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b	0.02/−0.0007 (0.00117)	0.7093
9	Franconian	40–50	Male	X2b4/R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b1a1	0.04/−0.0047 (0.00466)	0.7089
10	—	20–25	Male*	H1b/R1	0.06/—	0.7105^†
12a	—	25–35	Male*	H10e1/R1b1	0.09/—	0.7087
12b	Byzantine	30–40	Male	X2b4/R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b1a1	0.03/0.0128 (0.0136)	0.709
12c	—	20–30	Male	U5a1a1/R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b1a1	0.03/0.0010 (0.0078)	0.7093

*Statistically insignificant sex estimate but consistent with maleness (table S10 and fig. S4).

†After PMD filtering, individuals 2 and 5 had insufficient reads for accurate sex estimation (table S13).