SEs are given in parentheses. Statistical significance is provided (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001). The different models tested are OLS, least squares dummy variables (LSDVs), and generalized least squares (GLS). LSDV and GLS are “within” estimators. BUILD is based on all land-use types; results for residential land-use types only are very similar.
| OLS | OLS | LSDV | GLS | GLS | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Total population | Total population | Total population | Total population | Total population | |
| Number of built-up property records (BUILD) | 2.680*** | 2.668*** | 2.190*** | 2.190*** | 2.246*** |
| SE | (0.007) | (0.012) | (0.058) | (0.013) | (0.014) |
| Constant | 10503.8*** | 13767.2*** | 22513.3*** | 22513.3*** | 16123.0*** |
| SE | (550.069) | (815.994) | (1068.970) | (701.136) | (1274.106) |
| N | 10996 | 5900 | 5900 | 5900 | 5900 |
| R2 | 0.926 | 0.898 | 0.946 | 0.864 | 0.873 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.926 | 0.898 | 0.929 | 0.819 | 0.831 |
| County sample | All | Consistent | Consistent | Consistent | Consistent |
| Fixed effects | – | – | County | County | County, decade |
| Clustered SE | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |